Athens in Paul’s day was strikingly similar to our own society. All views were welcome; none were right, none were wrong. It was a society with every shade of belief. As Paul went round the city, he noticed it was “full of idols” and he was “deeply distressed” at what he saw. His response was to engage with it in two ways.
Firstly, he went into the synagogue to preach to those gathered there. They were, in a sense, a captive audience with a biblical heritage he could draw on. Secondly, he went into the market place, where the ordinary Athenians were, and reasoned with them too. There he came into contact with some Epicureans and Stoics who were very keen to debate and to listen to new ideas.
They wanted to know what he babbling about so they asked him to appear before the Areopagus. Here is a great opportunity to explain the gospel to some of the leading figures in the town! We’re going to look at how Paul approached that situation, in order to learn something of how to handle what is a similar situation in our own society.
This account is clearly a summary of what Paul said; his actual speech may have lasted as long as a couple of hours. Each point here would have been greatly expanded and explained. We can see how he may have expanded the points by reading his letters which have many of the same points (e.g. Rom 1).
Before we look in detail at what he said, notice what he did as a whole. Having been attentive to the situation as he walked around Athens, Paul is now creative in how he shares the gospel with them. He counters their telling of the big story and conveys the Bible’s big story. He didn’t trot out a pre-planned formula for telling the gospel but engaged creatively with them.
One thing he did was use terms his audience were familiar with, words that meant something in how they told the big story of life, even quoting one of their poets. But he gave those terms a new twist. We need to learn how to do the same with today’s buzz words and use them to convey genuine reality.
1. God the Creator
Given that he is dealing with people who believe that there is a god (or gods), Paul counters their views by conveying the biblical reality of God. What is especially important is what he says about this God; he declares that he is “the God who made the world and everything in it”. He focuses on God as Creator.
He didn’t argue with his hearers about how God created the heavens and the earth, a subject on which they held many views. What he did was stress the fact that God is Creator of all. That’s an important difference. The creation debate can regrettably downplay the fact that God is the Creator by concentrating too much on the way in which he created. Scripture never does that; the emphasis is always on the fact that he is the Creator, on theology and not science.
Paul then goes on to assert that the God who is Creator of all is also “the Lord of heaven and earth”. There is no rival to the one true Creator God. There isn’t a pantheon of gods in the heavens; there isn’t a great struggle going on between rival deities; there is one God who made all and who is Lord of all.
Furthermore, God is entirely self-sufficient. He is “not served by human hands, as if he needed anything”. He is not in danger of going hungry if we don’t feed him; nor can he be manipulated by the offer of a bed for the night in some temple or other.
He is the God who does not need us. He is not enriched by our serving him; we can add nothing to him and can take nothing away from him. Here is God in his self-existent glory!
And this is the God Paul proclaims: one who made us and is in every respect above us. But although above us, he is not uninterested in us; he is not remote in that sense. Rather, he “himself gives all men life and breath and everything else”. He is involved with us on a daily basis.
So much of this is contrary to how Athenians thought and so vastly different to how so many think today. Either God is so far away he can’t be bothered with us or else he’s simply there at our beck and call, a kind-of heavenly emergency service.
If people are to be challenged with the gospel, they’ll need to know about the true nature of God. Years ago this wasn’t so necessary; if people didn’t believe in God, it was the Christian God they didn’t believe in. But now all sorts of things are doing the rounds and we need to get across a truly biblical picture of the one true God. Maybe we need to dwell more upon this ourselves in order to share it with others.
2. Man the Creature
With that understanding in place, Paul moves onto its natural corollary: if God is the Creator, man is his creature. In vv.25-28 Paul shows that we all utterly depend on God for everything. He is sovereign over the whole of history and over the ordering of the world. Far from being absent, he has been intimately involved in his world. As such, he is the only legitimate God of all peoples.
And why has he done what he has done? “So that men would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him”. Not only does that show us something of God’s heart and the destiny of all history, it also hints at mankind’s great problem: we’re adrift from our Creator.
We need to know who God is and what he is like; we also need to know who and what we are: creatures in need of their Creator but estranged from him by sin.
3. Jesus the Judge
And here Paul moves into more direct confrontation with his audience. Ignorance of God is not simply a personal tragedy; it is an assault upon the one true God. Such ignorance is not neutral; it is utterly sinful, since it denies God his place and his praise. To pick up Paul in Rom. 1, all people are guilty since “what may be known about God is plain…because God has made it plain”. Ignorance of God is culpable.
Their profound ignorance of God was highlighted in their altar “to an unknown god” in their thinking that “the divine being in like gold or silver or stone”. The fact that we are his creatures should make us realise how foolish such ideas are. And yet we don’t! Still today gods of silver and gold are worshipped, albeit in different forms.
Here is the desperately ugly nature of sin: it is first and foremost idolatry, the de-godding of God. And this is what we need to get across to people in our treatment of sin. It doesn’t simply ruin society and the lives of individuals (an atheist could make that point). It is a denial of the one true God in his glory; it is an outrage against him.
And as such, sin invites judgement: “he has set a day when he will judge the world by the man he has appointed”. Hard as it may be to share, the gospel message is not simply about how we get to be happy but about how we get to be saved from destruction.
This is why we need someone to reveal the one true God to us and to reconcile us to him; this is why we need someone to die in our place and to rise from the dead in triumph over sin and evil.
This is where Paul begins to speak of Jesus (v.31). He doesn’t start with him because he needs to do the groundwork first; they need to understand about God and themselves in order to see where Jesus fits in. Many who we meet today are in the same need. We must be careful to lay that foundation.
4. Response
But declaring the resurrection gets Paul short shrift. These folk wanted to escape the physical world, not be brought back to it! Faithfully telling the gospel in ways that are relevant and compelling will invite rejection. We need to be prepared for that and cling to the non-negotiables of the gospel.
But there were some who followed Paul and began to walk the road of discipleship. It was worth the effort and the ridicule. What counted was not the esteem in which the philosophers of Athens held Paul but whether any of them would respond to the gospel message and be saved. And, praise God, some were.
May it please him to give us the same wisdom and boldness that Paul had and to have the joy of seeing many saved in our day too. Amen.
Friday, August 04, 2006
Thursday, August 03, 2006
Acts 17:16-34(i)
1. Setting the Scene
For those who want to share the gospel, which ought to mean every Christian in one way or another, we live in strange times. A while back, it could be assumed that ours was a nominally Christian society but that's no longer the case.
There are still some who go to church and who might think of themselves as 'religious' people but the rest of the picture is much more confused. Today, religion is out and spirituality is in. Precisely what that means is another question but a lot of people have some kind of yearning for it.
Whether they're into spirituality or a card-carrying atheist, all people have a way of looking at the world, all people have a 'big story' to tell about life and its meaning (or lack of it). And in this day of multiple ways of looking at the world, we're told that none are wrong and all are right, if they're right for you.
This situation poses great challenges to us as we seek to share the gospel. We're probably all more comfortable trying to speak to someone who perhaps went to Sunday School and has at least some background. But all the time there are less and less people with that kind of heritage. The recent census may have shown that 71% of people in the UK call themselves Christian but the reality is that most of those haven't a clue as to what it means.
In our country, not only has the tide turned but it is running out at an alarming rate. We face a situation in which there is massive biblical illiteracy and an aggressive commitment to a pluralism that won't allow for genuine debate over truth.
Facing such a situation, this passage is a great help to us, not least because the situation Paul faced was remarkably similar. In the synagogues he encountered religious folk and in the market place and in the Areopagus were others who held widely divergent views on life. Athens was a place where you could find most flavours of first-century spirituality.
In particular, Paul encounters two groups of thinkers, the Stoics and the Epicureans. The Stoics refused to be ruled by their passions because the gods were not and they espoused a godlike principle of reason. The Epicureans on the other hand thought the gods so far removed from us that it doesn't matter what they're like. They dwell in the spaces between the atoms in a state of calmness and that's what we should be looking for too.
But although the Stoics and the Epicureans had quite different ways of seeing reality, the one thing you couldn't do was to say 'This way is right and this way is wrong'. Which just goes to show that there is nothing new under the sun!
Paul had to deal with people who had some background in the scriptures, just as some folk today have some degree of Christian heritage we can connect with. But he also found people who were biblically illiterate, with no background in the Bible and with their own ways of telling the story of what life is all about.
Our situation is not new; the challenges we face have been faced before. There is much we can learn from this highly important account of Paul's visit to Athens.
The one significant difference is we face a certain boredom with Christianity, the sense of having 'been there, done that'. That brings additional challenges in terms of showing the abiding relevance of the good news about Jesus. There is a degree of apathy that needs to be overcome that wasn't present in Athens.
2. Reacting to Idolatry
This passage shows us how he handled those different needs, focussing in particular on those who were biblically illiterate. Before we look at the details of that, we need to notice how he responded when he got to Athens.
He begins by taking a tour around this famous old city, which by now was way past its heyday but still with a big reputation. Was he just playing the part of a tourist until his friends arrived? It seems not. His tour is more like Nehemiah going around Jerusalem to inspect the damage to the walls. Paul is taking in the kind of situation that he faces. He is using his eyes and ears to get a feel for the situation.
And on his tour, he noticed that the city was full of idols and seeing them "he was greatly distressed". He could have easily been impressed by the architecture or intimidated by the city's reputation but he is neither. He is deeply and profoundly upset by what he sees. Why? Because he has such passion for God's glory and compassion for the people who are living in such darkness.
His reaction is a challenge for us. How do we react to what we see? Are we impressed by man's achievements or intimidated by PhDs? Are we blind when it comes to today's expressions of idolatry and arrogance? Do we see all culture as being somehow neutral and without much spiritual significance?
In his speech to the Areopagus, Paul lays bare the desperately sinful nature of idolatry; it is that understanding which fuels his passionate response to what he sees. We perhaps need to recapture something of that same understanding.
3. Engaging Others
What does Paul do about what he sees? He engages both with those who have some heritage and those with none.
In the synagogue he takes the opportunity to convey the message that Messiah has come and he is Jesus. But in a sense that was the easy option. They were a fairly captive audience, with a biblical background, who were meant to be waiting for the Messiah. What about the rest of the city?
Paul engages them through direct encounter: "in the market place day by day with those who happened to be there". And that led him into direct contact with some Stoics and Epicureans, followed by an opportunity to speak before the Areopagus.
He didn't wait for them to come to him. He went to where they were and engaged them directly with the gospel. That is an extremely important lesson for us and one that needs to be carefully worked out. It has the most serious ramifications for those who have been set apart to the work of evangelism and teaching God's Word but it doesn't stop there. As a church and as individuals we need to ask serious questions about how we reach those who haven't heard the gospel.
It is not enough to wait for them to come to us; we need to create (rather than contrive) gospel opportunities. For many of us, those opportunities abound in terms of our daily contact with people at work or in the neighbourhood. But if the opportunities are there, they need to be taken. We need to be looking out for some way in, praying for some opening that will provide a natural way of introducing the gospel.
But when we get that chance, what are we to say? How do we approach the complex and confusing situation where anything goes and just about anything is believed? Paul's speech has much to teach us on that score and we'll look in detail at it next time. Let me close today by asking you to take time this week to pray about how you might both encounter and engage unbelievers with the gospel. And to ask God to give you the wisdom and the courage to take those opportunities.
For those who want to share the gospel, which ought to mean every Christian in one way or another, we live in strange times. A while back, it could be assumed that ours was a nominally Christian society but that's no longer the case.
There are still some who go to church and who might think of themselves as 'religious' people but the rest of the picture is much more confused. Today, religion is out and spirituality is in. Precisely what that means is another question but a lot of people have some kind of yearning for it.
Whether they're into spirituality or a card-carrying atheist, all people have a way of looking at the world, all people have a 'big story' to tell about life and its meaning (or lack of it). And in this day of multiple ways of looking at the world, we're told that none are wrong and all are right, if they're right for you.
This situation poses great challenges to us as we seek to share the gospel. We're probably all more comfortable trying to speak to someone who perhaps went to Sunday School and has at least some background. But all the time there are less and less people with that kind of heritage. The recent census may have shown that 71% of people in the UK call themselves Christian but the reality is that most of those haven't a clue as to what it means.
In our country, not only has the tide turned but it is running out at an alarming rate. We face a situation in which there is massive biblical illiteracy and an aggressive commitment to a pluralism that won't allow for genuine debate over truth.
Facing such a situation, this passage is a great help to us, not least because the situation Paul faced was remarkably similar. In the synagogues he encountered religious folk and in the market place and in the Areopagus were others who held widely divergent views on life. Athens was a place where you could find most flavours of first-century spirituality.
In particular, Paul encounters two groups of thinkers, the Stoics and the Epicureans. The Stoics refused to be ruled by their passions because the gods were not and they espoused a godlike principle of reason. The Epicureans on the other hand thought the gods so far removed from us that it doesn't matter what they're like. They dwell in the spaces between the atoms in a state of calmness and that's what we should be looking for too.
But although the Stoics and the Epicureans had quite different ways of seeing reality, the one thing you couldn't do was to say 'This way is right and this way is wrong'. Which just goes to show that there is nothing new under the sun!
Paul had to deal with people who had some background in the scriptures, just as some folk today have some degree of Christian heritage we can connect with. But he also found people who were biblically illiterate, with no background in the Bible and with their own ways of telling the story of what life is all about.
Our situation is not new; the challenges we face have been faced before. There is much we can learn from this highly important account of Paul's visit to Athens.
The one significant difference is we face a certain boredom with Christianity, the sense of having 'been there, done that'. That brings additional challenges in terms of showing the abiding relevance of the good news about Jesus. There is a degree of apathy that needs to be overcome that wasn't present in Athens.
2. Reacting to Idolatry
This passage shows us how he handled those different needs, focussing in particular on those who were biblically illiterate. Before we look at the details of that, we need to notice how he responded when he got to Athens.
He begins by taking a tour around this famous old city, which by now was way past its heyday but still with a big reputation. Was he just playing the part of a tourist until his friends arrived? It seems not. His tour is more like Nehemiah going around Jerusalem to inspect the damage to the walls. Paul is taking in the kind of situation that he faces. He is using his eyes and ears to get a feel for the situation.
And on his tour, he noticed that the city was full of idols and seeing them "he was greatly distressed". He could have easily been impressed by the architecture or intimidated by the city's reputation but he is neither. He is deeply and profoundly upset by what he sees. Why? Because he has such passion for God's glory and compassion for the people who are living in such darkness.
His reaction is a challenge for us. How do we react to what we see? Are we impressed by man's achievements or intimidated by PhDs? Are we blind when it comes to today's expressions of idolatry and arrogance? Do we see all culture as being somehow neutral and without much spiritual significance?
In his speech to the Areopagus, Paul lays bare the desperately sinful nature of idolatry; it is that understanding which fuels his passionate response to what he sees. We perhaps need to recapture something of that same understanding.
3. Engaging Others
What does Paul do about what he sees? He engages both with those who have some heritage and those with none.
In the synagogue he takes the opportunity to convey the message that Messiah has come and he is Jesus. But in a sense that was the easy option. They were a fairly captive audience, with a biblical background, who were meant to be waiting for the Messiah. What about the rest of the city?
Paul engages them through direct encounter: "in the market place day by day with those who happened to be there". And that led him into direct contact with some Stoics and Epicureans, followed by an opportunity to speak before the Areopagus.
He didn't wait for them to come to him. He went to where they were and engaged them directly with the gospel. That is an extremely important lesson for us and one that needs to be carefully worked out. It has the most serious ramifications for those who have been set apart to the work of evangelism and teaching God's Word but it doesn't stop there. As a church and as individuals we need to ask serious questions about how we reach those who haven't heard the gospel.
It is not enough to wait for them to come to us; we need to create (rather than contrive) gospel opportunities. For many of us, those opportunities abound in terms of our daily contact with people at work or in the neighbourhood. But if the opportunities are there, they need to be taken. We need to be looking out for some way in, praying for some opening that will provide a natural way of introducing the gospel.
But when we get that chance, what are we to say? How do we approach the complex and confusing situation where anything goes and just about anything is believed? Paul's speech has much to teach us on that score and we'll look in detail at it next time. Let me close today by asking you to take time this week to pray about how you might both encounter and engage unbelievers with the gospel. And to ask God to give you the wisdom and the courage to take those opportunities.
Acts 17:1-15
It's sometimes said that a person's reputation has gone before them. That certainly seems to be true in this passage for Paul and his friends. They are described as "These men who have caused trouble all over the world."
In some cases a reputation, whether good or bad, is deserved. Why does this crowd make such a claim? We're going to see that the answer lies in a confrontation that challenges us and is the forerunner of further conflict.
1. Confrontation
It all begins when Paul and his friends arrive in Thessalonica from Philippi. When they got there, they went as usual into the synagogue to speak to the Jews there, along with non-Jews who had attached themselves to Judaism.
During the course of 3 Sabbath days, Paul "reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead" (vv.2,3). And having shown that, he told them, "This Jesus I am proclaiming to you is the Christ."
He has a message that the Jews could follow, based on their own scriptures. He endeavoured to explain the text and show how the OT prophecies about the Messiah had been fulfilled in Jesus, the one who had died and rose again.
There is nothing here to suggest that Paul was whipping the crowd into a frenzy, that he played on their emotions or tried to exploit them. So why the accusation about causing trouble? Why the big scene in the town?
The trouble arises on 2 scores that are, in essence, the same. Paul's message confronts both the Jews in the synagogue and the non-Jewish crowd in the town. In terms of the Jews, Paul is explaining that God's promised Messiah had come. He is able to show quite definitely from the OT scriptures that the Messiah had to die and rise again. This was God's plan to rescue a world lost in sin. And the Jesus he is proclaiming fits the bill perfectly.
This is confrontational because the Jews and those who had given their allegiance to the Jewish faith were waiting for the Messiah. If he had really come, then they needed to pledge their allegiance to him. But for many of them, this picture of the Messiah didn't fit with their expectations.
And there's the rub. What would they do with the one who God had shown was the true Messiah? To hear this message left them with a profound choice. Some responded positively to what they heard. But some of the Jews decided this Messiah was not for them and went to make trouble for Paul and Co.
On one level, this looks like just another argument over religion and further proof you shouldn't raise the topic in polite company. But if this is simply about religion, why is the whole town in uproar over it?
The crowd clearly sees what has been said by Paul as having deep implications for them too. Listen to what they accuse them of: "They are all defying Caesar's decrees, saying that there is another king, one called Jesus."
You see, this is not simply about religious preferences. The coming of Jesus and his dying and rising again has profound relevance for the whole world. In raising Jesus from the dead, God has declared him to the rightful ruler of the whole universe and so the gospel message calls all people everywhere to turn from their own ways and to worship him as Lord.
Why is this so upsetting to the Thessalonians? For some time, the Roman Emperor had been venerated as a god and, since he brought a certain amount of peace and prosperity to the empire, he was declared to be a saviour. His rule had brought a lot of material prosperity to Thessalonica.
The message about Jesus as Lord and Saviour directly challenged that whole way of thinking. The town was worried that any challenge to Caesar's rule would bring trouble, disturbing their peace and robbing them of their properity.
The message about Jesus confronts Jews with the promised Messiah and confronts all peoples with one who stakes a claim as rightful Lord of the whole universe.
But this confrontation is not limited to the first century. Each of us is being called today to follow Jesus as Lord and to turn away from all that challenges his lordship, whether that is material security or human relationships. The true Lord must come first; genuine peace and prosperity are only found in him as the one Saviour of sinful men and women.
But to believe this message and to genuinely embrace Jesus as Lord means trouble. It upsets the status quo, at work, in the home, in society at large. Each of us is confronted with the same choice that the people of Thessalonica faced: will we put our faith in human beings to bring us peace and prosperity or will we trust Jesus as Lord and so find in him genuine peace and a prosperity that is more than material?
2. Challenge
That confrontation brings a real challenge with it: will you take the time to evaluate what is being said? Will you come to this message with an open mind, ready to check out the claims of Jesus? No message could be either more demanding nor more rewarding.
We need to learn from the example of those in the next town Paul visited, Berea, who "were of more noble character than the Thessalonians". What that is saying is that they were more willing to learn than the others had been.
We live in the information age and all too often suffer from information overload. It's easy to dismiss something we aren't all that interested in. Please don't reject this message out of hand. It deserves your closest attention. You owe it to yourself to investigate it personally. Why not try reading one of the gospels and asking God to show you the truth about Jesus as you read. Are you willing to take that challenge?
3. Conflict
If you are willing, I need to be very straight with you from the evidence not simply of this passage but of the whole NT. All who see that Jesus is the rightful King and only Saviour and put their trust in him won't have an easy ride in this world.
That was true for Paul and his friends and, when Paul wrote to the young church in this city, it's clear that they too had suffered at the hands of their neighbours (1 Thes. 1:6). Maybe for some it had been at work, for others at home. But wherever it was the suffering was real.
It's the same today. If you're going to follow Jesus as Lord, you need to count the cost of doing so first. But that cost pales beside the wonder and the glory of knowing God personally, of knowing that Jesus died to save you and that in him you have genuine peace and eternal prosperity.
May the description Paul gives of the response of some in Thessalonica be true for each one of us: "You turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead - Jesus who rescues us from the coming wrath." (1 Thes. 1:9,10)
In some cases a reputation, whether good or bad, is deserved. Why does this crowd make such a claim? We're going to see that the answer lies in a confrontation that challenges us and is the forerunner of further conflict.
1. Confrontation
It all begins when Paul and his friends arrive in Thessalonica from Philippi. When they got there, they went as usual into the synagogue to speak to the Jews there, along with non-Jews who had attached themselves to Judaism.
During the course of 3 Sabbath days, Paul "reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead" (vv.2,3). And having shown that, he told them, "This Jesus I am proclaiming to you is the Christ."
He has a message that the Jews could follow, based on their own scriptures. He endeavoured to explain the text and show how the OT prophecies about the Messiah had been fulfilled in Jesus, the one who had died and rose again.
There is nothing here to suggest that Paul was whipping the crowd into a frenzy, that he played on their emotions or tried to exploit them. So why the accusation about causing trouble? Why the big scene in the town?
The trouble arises on 2 scores that are, in essence, the same. Paul's message confronts both the Jews in the synagogue and the non-Jewish crowd in the town. In terms of the Jews, Paul is explaining that God's promised Messiah had come. He is able to show quite definitely from the OT scriptures that the Messiah had to die and rise again. This was God's plan to rescue a world lost in sin. And the Jesus he is proclaiming fits the bill perfectly.
This is confrontational because the Jews and those who had given their allegiance to the Jewish faith were waiting for the Messiah. If he had really come, then they needed to pledge their allegiance to him. But for many of them, this picture of the Messiah didn't fit with their expectations.
And there's the rub. What would they do with the one who God had shown was the true Messiah? To hear this message left them with a profound choice. Some responded positively to what they heard. But some of the Jews decided this Messiah was not for them and went to make trouble for Paul and Co.
On one level, this looks like just another argument over religion and further proof you shouldn't raise the topic in polite company. But if this is simply about religion, why is the whole town in uproar over it?
The crowd clearly sees what has been said by Paul as having deep implications for them too. Listen to what they accuse them of: "They are all defying Caesar's decrees, saying that there is another king, one called Jesus."
You see, this is not simply about religious preferences. The coming of Jesus and his dying and rising again has profound relevance for the whole world. In raising Jesus from the dead, God has declared him to the rightful ruler of the whole universe and so the gospel message calls all people everywhere to turn from their own ways and to worship him as Lord.
Why is this so upsetting to the Thessalonians? For some time, the Roman Emperor had been venerated as a god and, since he brought a certain amount of peace and prosperity to the empire, he was declared to be a saviour. His rule had brought a lot of material prosperity to Thessalonica.
The message about Jesus as Lord and Saviour directly challenged that whole way of thinking. The town was worried that any challenge to Caesar's rule would bring trouble, disturbing their peace and robbing them of their properity.
The message about Jesus confronts Jews with the promised Messiah and confronts all peoples with one who stakes a claim as rightful Lord of the whole universe.
But this confrontation is not limited to the first century. Each of us is being called today to follow Jesus as Lord and to turn away from all that challenges his lordship, whether that is material security or human relationships. The true Lord must come first; genuine peace and prosperity are only found in him as the one Saviour of sinful men and women.
But to believe this message and to genuinely embrace Jesus as Lord means trouble. It upsets the status quo, at work, in the home, in society at large. Each of us is confronted with the same choice that the people of Thessalonica faced: will we put our faith in human beings to bring us peace and prosperity or will we trust Jesus as Lord and so find in him genuine peace and a prosperity that is more than material?
2. Challenge
That confrontation brings a real challenge with it: will you take the time to evaluate what is being said? Will you come to this message with an open mind, ready to check out the claims of Jesus? No message could be either more demanding nor more rewarding.
We need to learn from the example of those in the next town Paul visited, Berea, who "were of more noble character than the Thessalonians". What that is saying is that they were more willing to learn than the others had been.
We live in the information age and all too often suffer from information overload. It's easy to dismiss something we aren't all that interested in. Please don't reject this message out of hand. It deserves your closest attention. You owe it to yourself to investigate it personally. Why not try reading one of the gospels and asking God to show you the truth about Jesus as you read. Are you willing to take that challenge?
3. Conflict
If you are willing, I need to be very straight with you from the evidence not simply of this passage but of the whole NT. All who see that Jesus is the rightful King and only Saviour and put their trust in him won't have an easy ride in this world.
That was true for Paul and his friends and, when Paul wrote to the young church in this city, it's clear that they too had suffered at the hands of their neighbours (1 Thes. 1:6). Maybe for some it had been at work, for others at home. But wherever it was the suffering was real.
It's the same today. If you're going to follow Jesus as Lord, you need to count the cost of doing so first. But that cost pales beside the wonder and the glory of knowing God personally, of knowing that Jesus died to save you and that in him you have genuine peace and eternal prosperity.
May the description Paul gives of the response of some in Thessalonica be true for each one of us: "You turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead - Jesus who rescues us from the coming wrath." (1 Thes. 1:9,10)
Acts 16:6-40
1. Under God's Control (vv.6-10)
Prov. 16:9 says that "In his heart a man plans his course but the LORD determines his steps." That principle is worked out in the experience of Paul and his companions in vv.6-10. Twice they plan to move with the gospel and twice they are stopped from doing so by the Spirit.
Moving on down to Troas, Paul then has a vision of a man of Macedonia begging them to go over and help them. Taking all these together, Luke tells us that "we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them." (v.10) In his gospel work, Paul has clear aims and makes plans to achieve them, targeting significant cities. Yet although he is right to make those plans, these verses show us that it is the Lord who is always in control of the gospel mission.
Quite how the Spirit prevented them we aren't told. But it was obviously made clear to Paul and his friends, although it may have only been when he had the vision that they were able to conclude that the two previous incidents were the Lord's way of saying 'no'. All gospel work is under his direction. We need to think and pray hard about what to do, where and when, but in all our planning, the Lord is free to overrule in his wisdom. That theme is further seen in the conversion of Lydia and the Jailer.
When they reach Philippi, they follow their usual practice of finding a place where Jews worshipped in order to tell them about the Messiah. On this occasion it is down by the river. There some women gathered, presumably both Jews and those who had embraced Judaism. It is while Paul is preaching to them that Lydia, a seller of purple cloth, is converted.
But notice how her conversion is described: "The Lord opened her heart to respond to Paul's message" (v.14). No-one will ever believe except the Lord does just this. The human heart is too wrapped in sin, too dead to God, to respond unaided.
This is very humbling, since it shows our lack of power to save a single person. It is also tremendously encouraging. Not only is the Lord at work in Lydia's life before Paul arrived (she worshipped the one true God) but he does what we cannot do and reaches into the depths of a soul and makes them alive to himself, leading them to repent and to put their faith in Jesus.
The Lord was quietly at work in the heart of someone he has already been dealing with. The contrast with the Jailer is quite marked - here is someone who is not a Jew nor a convert to Judaism but no doubt a worshipper of some pagan deities and clearly within the Roman system. How will he be reached?
The answer this time is not through a quiet work in the heart but by a fearful and noisy earthquake! His duty was to guard the prisoners in his charge and a failure to do so could well lead to public humiliation and even death. So when he is aware that the earthquake has caused the prison doors to open, he is ready to kill himself.
But the Lord is again at work here. Paul and Silas were in jail because of opposition to the preaching of the gospel but in reality the Lord is still in control. No doubt the jailer had heard these two prisoners singing praise to their God and now Paul calls to him not to kill himself for they are all still there.
This leads to one of the great questions in the Bible: "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" It may be that he is simply asking how he can escape judgement, having been terrified by the earthquake. Or he may have heard something of the gospel in their songs and prayers.
Whichever is the case, they tell him straight to believe in the Lord Jesus and he will be saved. The same would be true for his family. And that is just what happens! They speak "the word of the Lord" to him and his household and, in the middle of the night, he and they are baptised as new believers in Jesus.
How remarkable the whole scene is! From the quiet order of the riverbank to the chaos of a prison under seismic shock, from a cultured proselyte to Judaism to an uncouth pagan - God is at work and is at work in power to save.
Mission that is under his control is guaranteed to accomplish what he plans for it.
2. A New Society in Philippi
The comparison between Lydia and the Jailer not only teaches us about the Lord's ability to work in any person's life, it also shows us something more of the new society he is making through the gospel.
Here you have the cultured cloth-seller and the uncouth jailer. And they are now brother and sister in the Lord! In fact, it seems that they would have met fairly soon since the church seems to have begun meeting in Lydia's home (see v.40).
The Lord is both willing and able to take the high and the low, the rich and the poor, male and female and bring them into his family. As we saw in 1 Cor. 1:26-31, he isn't swayed by worldly status. Paul shows that here by eating both with Lydia and with the jailer. The gospel breaks all barriers down.
It is vital that we also embrace the Lord's ways for his new society. Lydia and the jailer are a real 'odd couple' but here is the wisdom and power of God! In control of the mission, he furthers his purpose of making a whole new society.
3. Pagan Opposition and Roman Citizenship
In the earlier missionary journey and in the early chapters of Acts, the primary source of opposition to the gospel came from the Jews. But Luke shows us here that it is not simply the Jews who are opposed to the message but the spiritual battle is a universal one.
During their time at Philippi, Paul and his friends were followed by a slave girl who could predict the future through an evil spirit within her. In dealing with her (because she was distorting and confusing the message) Paul and Silas got into trouble with her masters and through them with the authorities.
Nowhere in the world is this message accepted unless God is at work. Not only were the Jews opposed to it but so too were pagans whose chief god was money. Although we can go out with confidence to proclaim this same message today, we too must expect all kinds of opposition.
Which makes it urgent that we learn from the way in which Paul handled the trouble. On one level they simply accept what is happening to them but on their release they appeal to their Roman citizenship. Why did they wait to do that? They could have saved themselves a night in jail! It seems likely that they didn't use their citizenship as a 'get out of jail free' card because that would put too much emphasis on the protection of the Roman state. They were the servants of the one true God; he knows how to take care of his own!
We need real wisdom to work this principle out and faith to believe that the Lord knows how to rescue his own from trials. Paul and Silas were willing to suffer rather than to give the impression of being dependent on Rome. May we be given similar grace to take hard decisions when necessary. And may they also lead to the conversion of others!
Prov. 16:9 says that "In his heart a man plans his course but the LORD determines his steps." That principle is worked out in the experience of Paul and his companions in vv.6-10. Twice they plan to move with the gospel and twice they are stopped from doing so by the Spirit.
Moving on down to Troas, Paul then has a vision of a man of Macedonia begging them to go over and help them. Taking all these together, Luke tells us that "we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them." (v.10) In his gospel work, Paul has clear aims and makes plans to achieve them, targeting significant cities. Yet although he is right to make those plans, these verses show us that it is the Lord who is always in control of the gospel mission.
Quite how the Spirit prevented them we aren't told. But it was obviously made clear to Paul and his friends, although it may have only been when he had the vision that they were able to conclude that the two previous incidents were the Lord's way of saying 'no'. All gospel work is under his direction. We need to think and pray hard about what to do, where and when, but in all our planning, the Lord is free to overrule in his wisdom. That theme is further seen in the conversion of Lydia and the Jailer.
When they reach Philippi, they follow their usual practice of finding a place where Jews worshipped in order to tell them about the Messiah. On this occasion it is down by the river. There some women gathered, presumably both Jews and those who had embraced Judaism. It is while Paul is preaching to them that Lydia, a seller of purple cloth, is converted.
But notice how her conversion is described: "The Lord opened her heart to respond to Paul's message" (v.14). No-one will ever believe except the Lord does just this. The human heart is too wrapped in sin, too dead to God, to respond unaided.
This is very humbling, since it shows our lack of power to save a single person. It is also tremendously encouraging. Not only is the Lord at work in Lydia's life before Paul arrived (she worshipped the one true God) but he does what we cannot do and reaches into the depths of a soul and makes them alive to himself, leading them to repent and to put their faith in Jesus.
The Lord was quietly at work in the heart of someone he has already been dealing with. The contrast with the Jailer is quite marked - here is someone who is not a Jew nor a convert to Judaism but no doubt a worshipper of some pagan deities and clearly within the Roman system. How will he be reached?
The answer this time is not through a quiet work in the heart but by a fearful and noisy earthquake! His duty was to guard the prisoners in his charge and a failure to do so could well lead to public humiliation and even death. So when he is aware that the earthquake has caused the prison doors to open, he is ready to kill himself.
But the Lord is again at work here. Paul and Silas were in jail because of opposition to the preaching of the gospel but in reality the Lord is still in control. No doubt the jailer had heard these two prisoners singing praise to their God and now Paul calls to him not to kill himself for they are all still there.
This leads to one of the great questions in the Bible: "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" It may be that he is simply asking how he can escape judgement, having been terrified by the earthquake. Or he may have heard something of the gospel in their songs and prayers.
Whichever is the case, they tell him straight to believe in the Lord Jesus and he will be saved. The same would be true for his family. And that is just what happens! They speak "the word of the Lord" to him and his household and, in the middle of the night, he and they are baptised as new believers in Jesus.
How remarkable the whole scene is! From the quiet order of the riverbank to the chaos of a prison under seismic shock, from a cultured proselyte to Judaism to an uncouth pagan - God is at work and is at work in power to save.
Mission that is under his control is guaranteed to accomplish what he plans for it.
2. A New Society in Philippi
The comparison between Lydia and the Jailer not only teaches us about the Lord's ability to work in any person's life, it also shows us something more of the new society he is making through the gospel.
Here you have the cultured cloth-seller and the uncouth jailer. And they are now brother and sister in the Lord! In fact, it seems that they would have met fairly soon since the church seems to have begun meeting in Lydia's home (see v.40).
The Lord is both willing and able to take the high and the low, the rich and the poor, male and female and bring them into his family. As we saw in 1 Cor. 1:26-31, he isn't swayed by worldly status. Paul shows that here by eating both with Lydia and with the jailer. The gospel breaks all barriers down.
It is vital that we also embrace the Lord's ways for his new society. Lydia and the jailer are a real 'odd couple' but here is the wisdom and power of God! In control of the mission, he furthers his purpose of making a whole new society.
3. Pagan Opposition and Roman Citizenship
In the earlier missionary journey and in the early chapters of Acts, the primary source of opposition to the gospel came from the Jews. But Luke shows us here that it is not simply the Jews who are opposed to the message but the spiritual battle is a universal one.
During their time at Philippi, Paul and his friends were followed by a slave girl who could predict the future through an evil spirit within her. In dealing with her (because she was distorting and confusing the message) Paul and Silas got into trouble with her masters and through them with the authorities.
Nowhere in the world is this message accepted unless God is at work. Not only were the Jews opposed to it but so too were pagans whose chief god was money. Although we can go out with confidence to proclaim this same message today, we too must expect all kinds of opposition.
Which makes it urgent that we learn from the way in which Paul handled the trouble. On one level they simply accept what is happening to them but on their release they appeal to their Roman citizenship. Why did they wait to do that? They could have saved themselves a night in jail! It seems likely that they didn't use their citizenship as a 'get out of jail free' card because that would put too much emphasis on the protection of the Roman state. They were the servants of the one true God; he knows how to take care of his own!
We need real wisdom to work this principle out and faith to believe that the Lord knows how to rescue his own from trials. Paul and Silas were willing to suffer rather than to give the impression of being dependent on Rome. May we be given similar grace to take hard decisions when necessary. And may they also lead to the conversion of others!
Acts 15:36 - 16:5
1. Separate Ways (15:36-41)
Luke has portrayed the church behaving wisely and faithfully in dealing with the circumcision controversy. But he isn't painting an idealised picture of the church, for he follows up with an incident that shows two great friends and missionary partners, falling out and separating.
Their disagreement centred on John Mark, who accompanied them for some of their first missionary journey but left them to go back to Jerusalem. When Paul suggests revisiting the churches, Barnabas wants to take Mark but Paul disagrees.
Both points of view are understandable. Mark was Barnabas' nephew; he could argue that he knows him and he won't let them down again. Paul, on the other hand, could argue that he needs to gain not simply their trust again but the trust of the churches. That he accepts that Mark can recover is clear when he later speaks well of him (2 Tim 4:11). He isn't saying, 'One strike and you're out' but he is concerned about his suitability.
Is there anything in what Luke says that inclines toward one view and not the other? In v.38 he speaks of Mark having "deserted them"; that word is a very strong one and implies defection or apostasy. That isn't saying Mark renounced the faith but it does show how serious his going back had been. He had abandoned them in the work. And, following the split, we read that the church at Antioch commended Paul and Silas to the grace of God, which perhaps indicates they felt he was more right than Barnabas.
But, as we saw last time, it isn't enough to be right; how we handle ourselves is also very important. Which makes it very sad that Paul and Barnabas "had...a sharp disagreement".
They didn't simply have opposing views but they fell out over them. It goes without saying that we will not always agree with each other; the Christian life is not an exact science and judgements will be necessary.
But where we differ in opinion, we must be mature enough to handle that without the kind of sharpness spoken of here. "It is often hard to voice disagreement within a church, for fear of appearing out of step with the 'truth', or out of kilter with the majority. How good it would be to model the kind of unity which demonstrates to a watching world that Christians don't always have to agree, or conform, to live in love." Mark Greene, LICC's Connecting with Culture, w/e 28/3/03
This is a reminder that even the best, most faithful Christians have their flaws. Paul and Barnabas may be heroes but they are fallen heroes. We need to learn from their weaknesses as well as their strengths.
This scene raises the question of what to do when you cannot reach agreement over an issue. Should one have given way for the sake of the work? In matters of judgement and not principle, that is something we ought to seriously consider. But the sad truth is, their disagreement was so sharp it was almost impossible for them stay together in the work.
Although we can say that in God's providence the situation is used to move the work onto two fronts rather than one, it's hard not to go away from this scene with a heavy heart. It's a reminder to us that we need to pray for ourselves and for all Christian workers that we would work out our differences in grace, with mutual submission and for the glory of God.
2. Paul: Team Player
For some, this scene might support their view that Paul was not a team player, that he was a loner and wanted to be in the limelight. Two things that Luke reports here show that to be a wrong conclusion.
Firstly, with Barnabas choosing to go to Cyprus, Paul asks Silas to go with him on his journey and to share in the work of "strengthening the churches" (v.41). This choice of Silas is clearly a good one. Paul isn't after someone to simply be his bag-carrier; here is a man with a proven ministry, one who will be able to help Paul to explain the letter from Jerusalem. He was also a Roman citizen which would come in useful (see 16:37f).
Secondly, Paul wants to take Timothy with them on the journey (16:3). Some more seasoned campaigners can only see faults in the young; not Paul! Here is someone committed to training younger men and who later encourages Timothy to do the same (2 Tim. 2:2). But it must be the right person at the right stage of maturity. Timothy was ready for it, as the churches recognised; in Paul's view, John Mark wasn't.
Paul wasn't a loner. His passion for God's glory meant he wanted to see churches being established and strengthened. For that to be accomplished, it needed others to share the work but care had to be taken in choosing those people.
3. Paul: All things to all men
So Paul, Silas and Timothy carry on the work of strengthening the churches, delivering the letter from Jerusalem. It is highly significant that wherever the letter was shared, Luke records the fact that the churches were helped by it (15:31,41; 16:4f). This is further confirmation that the Lord had been in the decision and was honouring the wisdom he had given.
But there is something that Paul did that has raised many an eyebrow. In 16:3 he had Timothy circumcised "because of the Jews who were living in that area, for they all knew that his father was a Greek".
Can this really be true, that the man who held out against the Judaizers and had gone to Jerusalem to get the problem sorted has now given in on the issue?
Although they were travelling back to churches they had founded, Paul is conscious they will come into further contact with unbelieving Jews and it is for their sake this decision is taken. The reference to 'Jews' in v.3 is almost certainly to unbelievers.
What Paul is doing here is working out a principle that he lays out in 1 Cor. 9:19-23: "to the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews...I have become all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some." This is not going back on what was settled at Jerusalem; salvation is by grace, not keeping the law. And so there is no need for anyone to be circumcised in order to be saved. The reason Paul has Timothy circumcised is in order not to put a stumbling block in the way of Jews coming to faith.
This issue needs very careful handling. We need wisdom to discern what is negotiable and what isn't. Paul who was completely inflexible on the essentials of the gospel is quite flexible on matters that are of merely cultural relevance. We need to have that kind of flexibility and must ask what the stumbling-blocks may be in our situation that could hinder others coming to faith.
4. Conclusion
The passage that began in sorrow with the disagreement over Mark ends with "the churches...strengthened in the faith and [growing] daily in numbers" (16:5). The split between Paul and Barnabas is deeply regrettable but even where our flaws come to the surface and seem to threaten the work, the Lord is able to overrule and still use us for his glory's sake.
What we need to be, as one commentator has observed on the basis of this passage, is "spiritually fruitful, morally faithful and culturally flexible". God grant we would be such people. Amen!
Luke has portrayed the church behaving wisely and faithfully in dealing with the circumcision controversy. But he isn't painting an idealised picture of the church, for he follows up with an incident that shows two great friends and missionary partners, falling out and separating.
Their disagreement centred on John Mark, who accompanied them for some of their first missionary journey but left them to go back to Jerusalem. When Paul suggests revisiting the churches, Barnabas wants to take Mark but Paul disagrees.
Both points of view are understandable. Mark was Barnabas' nephew; he could argue that he knows him and he won't let them down again. Paul, on the other hand, could argue that he needs to gain not simply their trust again but the trust of the churches. That he accepts that Mark can recover is clear when he later speaks well of him (2 Tim 4:11). He isn't saying, 'One strike and you're out' but he is concerned about his suitability.
Is there anything in what Luke says that inclines toward one view and not the other? In v.38 he speaks of Mark having "deserted them"; that word is a very strong one and implies defection or apostasy. That isn't saying Mark renounced the faith but it does show how serious his going back had been. He had abandoned them in the work. And, following the split, we read that the church at Antioch commended Paul and Silas to the grace of God, which perhaps indicates they felt he was more right than Barnabas.
But, as we saw last time, it isn't enough to be right; how we handle ourselves is also very important. Which makes it very sad that Paul and Barnabas "had...a sharp disagreement".
They didn't simply have opposing views but they fell out over them. It goes without saying that we will not always agree with each other; the Christian life is not an exact science and judgements will be necessary.
But where we differ in opinion, we must be mature enough to handle that without the kind of sharpness spoken of here. "It is often hard to voice disagreement within a church, for fear of appearing out of step with the 'truth', or out of kilter with the majority. How good it would be to model the kind of unity which demonstrates to a watching world that Christians don't always have to agree, or conform, to live in love." Mark Greene, LICC's Connecting with Culture, w/e 28/3/03
This is a reminder that even the best, most faithful Christians have their flaws. Paul and Barnabas may be heroes but they are fallen heroes. We need to learn from their weaknesses as well as their strengths.
This scene raises the question of what to do when you cannot reach agreement over an issue. Should one have given way for the sake of the work? In matters of judgement and not principle, that is something we ought to seriously consider. But the sad truth is, their disagreement was so sharp it was almost impossible for them stay together in the work.
Although we can say that in God's providence the situation is used to move the work onto two fronts rather than one, it's hard not to go away from this scene with a heavy heart. It's a reminder to us that we need to pray for ourselves and for all Christian workers that we would work out our differences in grace, with mutual submission and for the glory of God.
2. Paul: Team Player
For some, this scene might support their view that Paul was not a team player, that he was a loner and wanted to be in the limelight. Two things that Luke reports here show that to be a wrong conclusion.
Firstly, with Barnabas choosing to go to Cyprus, Paul asks Silas to go with him on his journey and to share in the work of "strengthening the churches" (v.41). This choice of Silas is clearly a good one. Paul isn't after someone to simply be his bag-carrier; here is a man with a proven ministry, one who will be able to help Paul to explain the letter from Jerusalem. He was also a Roman citizen which would come in useful (see 16:37f).
Secondly, Paul wants to take Timothy with them on the journey (16:3). Some more seasoned campaigners can only see faults in the young; not Paul! Here is someone committed to training younger men and who later encourages Timothy to do the same (2 Tim. 2:2). But it must be the right person at the right stage of maturity. Timothy was ready for it, as the churches recognised; in Paul's view, John Mark wasn't.
Paul wasn't a loner. His passion for God's glory meant he wanted to see churches being established and strengthened. For that to be accomplished, it needed others to share the work but care had to be taken in choosing those people.
3. Paul: All things to all men
So Paul, Silas and Timothy carry on the work of strengthening the churches, delivering the letter from Jerusalem. It is highly significant that wherever the letter was shared, Luke records the fact that the churches were helped by it (15:31,41; 16:4f). This is further confirmation that the Lord had been in the decision and was honouring the wisdom he had given.
But there is something that Paul did that has raised many an eyebrow. In 16:3 he had Timothy circumcised "because of the Jews who were living in that area, for they all knew that his father was a Greek".
Can this really be true, that the man who held out against the Judaizers and had gone to Jerusalem to get the problem sorted has now given in on the issue?
Although they were travelling back to churches they had founded, Paul is conscious they will come into further contact with unbelieving Jews and it is for their sake this decision is taken. The reference to 'Jews' in v.3 is almost certainly to unbelievers.
What Paul is doing here is working out a principle that he lays out in 1 Cor. 9:19-23: "to the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews...I have become all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some." This is not going back on what was settled at Jerusalem; salvation is by grace, not keeping the law. And so there is no need for anyone to be circumcised in order to be saved. The reason Paul has Timothy circumcised is in order not to put a stumbling block in the way of Jews coming to faith.
This issue needs very careful handling. We need wisdom to discern what is negotiable and what isn't. Paul who was completely inflexible on the essentials of the gospel is quite flexible on matters that are of merely cultural relevance. We need to have that kind of flexibility and must ask what the stumbling-blocks may be in our situation that could hinder others coming to faith.
4. Conclusion
The passage that began in sorrow with the disagreement over Mark ends with "the churches...strengthened in the faith and [growing] daily in numbers" (16:5). The split between Paul and Barnabas is deeply regrettable but even where our flaws come to the surface and seem to threaten the work, the Lord is able to overrule and still use us for his glory's sake.
What we need to be, as one commentator has observed on the basis of this passage, is "spiritually fruitful, morally faithful and culturally flexible". God grant we would be such people. Amen!
Acts 15:1-35(ii)
The events recorded in this chapter are of central significance in the book of Acts. They address what the gospel truly is and whether a person needs to become a Jew (or something else) in order to be saved. But the chapter is significant not simply for the 'what' but also for the 'how'. The issue needed to be dealt with for the good of the church and the future of the gospel message. But how the church tackled it is also extremely important.
1. The Personal Touch
There are a number of ways in which what might be termed the 'personal touch' is seen in these events.
i) The matter clearly causes great difficulties in Antioch. What is notable is that they don't resort to writing in derogatory terms about Jerusalem to the rest of the churches, nor do they simply cut them off. What they do is to choose to send Paul and Barnabas and some other men to up to see the Apostles and sort it out.
This is exactly the approach Jesus laid down in Mt. 18:15. In this case it marries respect for the apostles in Jerusalem with respect for the right way to handle tensions. It is all too easy to react with hostility and to badmouth fellow-believers but the easy path is not the right path. Problems are best solved by personal contact. We should apply that principle consistently when tensions or problems arise, whether they be theological in nature or more personal.
ii) Then notice the way the leaders in Jerusalem handled the situation and the part played by the whole church. Clearly an issue like this not going to be solved in a meeting of the whole church. The leaders will need to lead. And that is what they do. In verse 6 we learn that "the apostles and elders met to consider this question". They're the ones who must lead and are best equipped to handle such an issue.
But there is still a role for the whole church. When the decision is reached about writing to the churches, the church is involved in choosing who to send. The issue may be complex and the leaders have a duty to lead but the matter concerns the whole church and so there is a need for the whole church to be involved, one way or another. It's important that no-one sits back thinking, "It's theology and not to do with me".
iii) The letter that is written is a model of how to resolve an issue like this. It isn't a blunt laying down of the law but caring and sensitive. They deal with the issue of the troublemakers, they refer to Paul and Barnabas as "dear friends" and they write sympathetically of their readers ("not to burden you").How we say what we say is a matter of real importance. It isn't enough to simply be right, we need to evidence a spirit of humility and of care for others.
iv) They don't just send the letter back with Paul and Barnabas but send some of their own men with them, to explain the letter, to answer any questions that may arise and to minister to the churches. This brings the matter full circle and doesn't simply bring closure but it moves the churches' relationship with Jerusalem onwards and upwards.
And the outcome is that the letter is received with joy and when Judas and Silas head back to Jerusalem, they're sent off "with the blessing of peace". The bonds that were threatened have been strengthened because of how the whole affair has been handled.
These points are not simply diplomatic niceties that help to smooth troubled waters, they have a far greater significance than that. Taken all together they show the church existing as a kind-of parallel society within society, able to conduct itself in an orderly way and with wisdom and integrity.
It's the sort of point that Paul makes in 1 Cor. 6:1-8 where he deplores the fact that the Corinthians have had to resort to law to sort their troubles out. Such a thing should not be!
Luke's portrait of the church sorting out its troubles would no doubt have great apologetic impact on Theophilus and his high-society friends. What we're seeing is a fully-fledged alternative society that reflects the peace and order of the Creator and the redemptive harmony of its Saviour.
How we conduct ourselves as a church and as churches really does matter. It matters internally and it matters as a witness before the world. We must make sure we deal with tensions with a respect for the points made here.
2. Searching the Scriptures
The second key aspect of how the issue is handled surrounds the speech of James. Although there are questions about his status in the church, what is most important is how he handles the issue.
A lot of weight is attached to what is said by Peter, Paul and Barnabas as they have report their experiences of what the Lord has done. When James speaks, he focusses on the Bible and shows that what has happened has scriptural support and warrant. This isn't searching for a text to take out of context to support what they wanted to do anyway; this is searching the Bible in order to do God's will.
'What does the Bible say?' is always a key question to ask as we seek to understand our experiences and to resolve issues in the church. We may not find there a detailed answer to our particular question but we will find principles that enable us to wrestle with the issue and reach a conclusion.
The apostles were not driven by 'How can we get our way?' but by 'What is the Lord's way?'. We need to be too.
3. The Ministry of the Spirit
The last point to make about how they sorted out the problem relates to the role played by the Holy Spirit. On the one hand, he seems strangely absent for most of the chapter but when they write the letter, they give him first place in the decision, "It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us...".
How are we to understand this last-minute reference to God's Spirit? Why wasn't he spoken about before? And why didn't he speak before? Couldn't they just have prayed for a word from the Lord to settle the matter? Can't we just do the same?
Although this is the first direct reference to the Spirit's ministry among them, he has not been absent from the discussions. When we are depending on him, open with each other and eager to hear God's voice in the scriptures and to obey it, then we can be sure that the Lord is with us, guiding our thoughts, helping us to resolve the issue.
Why didn't he just simply speak a direct word? Because that wouldn't be the way to maturity, not for the church then nor for the church today. Wrestle with problems in this way, relying on the Lord and searching his word leads to greater maturity.
We shouldn't resent the struggle but come to it with humility, honesty and hunger for God's Word. That's the way to know his mind and to grow in maturity together.
1. The Personal Touch
There are a number of ways in which what might be termed the 'personal touch' is seen in these events.
i) The matter clearly causes great difficulties in Antioch. What is notable is that they don't resort to writing in derogatory terms about Jerusalem to the rest of the churches, nor do they simply cut them off. What they do is to choose to send Paul and Barnabas and some other men to up to see the Apostles and sort it out.
This is exactly the approach Jesus laid down in Mt. 18:15. In this case it marries respect for the apostles in Jerusalem with respect for the right way to handle tensions. It is all too easy to react with hostility and to badmouth fellow-believers but the easy path is not the right path. Problems are best solved by personal contact. We should apply that principle consistently when tensions or problems arise, whether they be theological in nature or more personal.
ii) Then notice the way the leaders in Jerusalem handled the situation and the part played by the whole church. Clearly an issue like this not going to be solved in a meeting of the whole church. The leaders will need to lead. And that is what they do. In verse 6 we learn that "the apostles and elders met to consider this question". They're the ones who must lead and are best equipped to handle such an issue.
But there is still a role for the whole church. When the decision is reached about writing to the churches, the church is involved in choosing who to send. The issue may be complex and the leaders have a duty to lead but the matter concerns the whole church and so there is a need for the whole church to be involved, one way or another. It's important that no-one sits back thinking, "It's theology and not to do with me".
iii) The letter that is written is a model of how to resolve an issue like this. It isn't a blunt laying down of the law but caring and sensitive. They deal with the issue of the troublemakers, they refer to Paul and Barnabas as "dear friends" and they write sympathetically of their readers ("not to burden you").How we say what we say is a matter of real importance. It isn't enough to simply be right, we need to evidence a spirit of humility and of care for others.
iv) They don't just send the letter back with Paul and Barnabas but send some of their own men with them, to explain the letter, to answer any questions that may arise and to minister to the churches. This brings the matter full circle and doesn't simply bring closure but it moves the churches' relationship with Jerusalem onwards and upwards.
And the outcome is that the letter is received with joy and when Judas and Silas head back to Jerusalem, they're sent off "with the blessing of peace". The bonds that were threatened have been strengthened because of how the whole affair has been handled.
These points are not simply diplomatic niceties that help to smooth troubled waters, they have a far greater significance than that. Taken all together they show the church existing as a kind-of parallel society within society, able to conduct itself in an orderly way and with wisdom and integrity.
It's the sort of point that Paul makes in 1 Cor. 6:1-8 where he deplores the fact that the Corinthians have had to resort to law to sort their troubles out. Such a thing should not be!
Luke's portrait of the church sorting out its troubles would no doubt have great apologetic impact on Theophilus and his high-society friends. What we're seeing is a fully-fledged alternative society that reflects the peace and order of the Creator and the redemptive harmony of its Saviour.
How we conduct ourselves as a church and as churches really does matter. It matters internally and it matters as a witness before the world. We must make sure we deal with tensions with a respect for the points made here.
2. Searching the Scriptures
The second key aspect of how the issue is handled surrounds the speech of James. Although there are questions about his status in the church, what is most important is how he handles the issue.
A lot of weight is attached to what is said by Peter, Paul and Barnabas as they have report their experiences of what the Lord has done. When James speaks, he focusses on the Bible and shows that what has happened has scriptural support and warrant. This isn't searching for a text to take out of context to support what they wanted to do anyway; this is searching the Bible in order to do God's will.
'What does the Bible say?' is always a key question to ask as we seek to understand our experiences and to resolve issues in the church. We may not find there a detailed answer to our particular question but we will find principles that enable us to wrestle with the issue and reach a conclusion.
The apostles were not driven by 'How can we get our way?' but by 'What is the Lord's way?'. We need to be too.
3. The Ministry of the Spirit
The last point to make about how they sorted out the problem relates to the role played by the Holy Spirit. On the one hand, he seems strangely absent for most of the chapter but when they write the letter, they give him first place in the decision, "It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us...".
How are we to understand this last-minute reference to God's Spirit? Why wasn't he spoken about before? And why didn't he speak before? Couldn't they just have prayed for a word from the Lord to settle the matter? Can't we just do the same?
Although this is the first direct reference to the Spirit's ministry among them, he has not been absent from the discussions. When we are depending on him, open with each other and eager to hear God's voice in the scriptures and to obey it, then we can be sure that the Lord is with us, guiding our thoughts, helping us to resolve the issue.
Why didn't he just simply speak a direct word? Because that wouldn't be the way to maturity, not for the church then nor for the church today. Wrestle with problems in this way, relying on the Lord and searching his word leads to greater maturity.
We shouldn't resent the struggle but come to it with humility, honesty and hunger for God's Word. That's the way to know his mind and to grow in maturity together.
Acts 15:1-35(i)
From the heights of multiple conversions to the depths of persecution and deceit in the church, the experience of the church has been quite varied. Yet even with those negatives, the greatest challenge to the life and unity of the church - to the gospel itself - occurs in the events recorded in this chapter.
In terms of way Acts is structured and the way Luke tells the story of the early church, this chapter forms the central focus. Strategically and theologically, it is utterly crucial.
1. The Problem (v.1)
The issue arises in v.1 tells when "Some men...". The problem being raised here is not simply one of salvation by works but of salvation through becoming Jews. They were quite happy for Gentiles to come into God's family but it had to be by becoming Jews (proselytes) otherwise they couldn't be saved.
For centuries, Jews were used to Gentiles embracing the ancient faith, coming to worship the one true God. But to do that, they needed to become as Jews. These Jews, who are now Christians, are still working under that old system: to be saved, part of the family of God, you need to believe in Jesus and become Jews.
This brought them "into sharp dispute and debate" with Paul and Barnabas - a 'full and frank exchange of views'. A major storm is brewing that threatens the Gentile mission & the unity of the church.
2. The Solution
The church at Antioch send Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem to try to sort the problem out. As they go, they tell in Phoenicia and Samaria what the Lord has done and there is great rejoicing. But how will Jerusalem react?
When the meeting is convened, there is much discussion and some of the believing Pharisees put the case for the Gentiles being circumcised. There follows 3 decisive speeches which effectively resolve the issue:
i) Peter - The first to speak at length is Peter who recounts his experience with Cornelius and his household. He makes a number of points that are extremely important.
He recalls in v.9 how God showed he accepted them just as he had the Jews by giving them his Spirit when they believed, as Gentiles. Then in v.10 he speaks of the law as having been a burden to the Jews, a burden they'd found hard to bear. And he concludes in v.11 by affirming that "it is through the grace of our Lord Jesus that we are saved, just as they are".
Salvation is, and always was, by grace, for all peoples. But now, all who believe are saved as they are, without being required to come under the law and become Jews.
ii) Paul & Barnabas - The second main speech is made by Paul and Barnabas (v.12). They too speak of their experiences, referring to how the Lord has been with them, working signs and wonders among the Gentiles through them.
Their point is that God has authenticated their work, a work that had not required Gentiles to become Jews in order to be saved. Would God have been with them in such power if they were fundamentally wrong in what they were doing?
iii) James - Last of all, James speaks, clearly with authority, although quite how much authority is a moot point! But whatever the answer to that question, what is not in doubt is the decisive contribution his argument makes to the debate (v.15ff).
Peter and Paul have related their experiences of God at work among the Gentiles; James now brings those experiences to the bar of scripture and shows how what has happened is entirely in line with what the Lord had said would happen.
He refers to part of the prophecy of Amos, a passage that has in mind the last-times when the Lord would act to restore his people. Clearly that is what has happened in Jesus for all Jews who would believe. But what of the Gentiles?
These verses from Amos show conclusively that when God acted to restore his people, he would also at that time bring in the Gentiles too. We read here of "the remnant of men" seeking the Lord and of "the Gentiles who bear my name". And in v.17 it's clear that the Gentiles would come in as a result of God's work among the Jewish people.
So the OT scriptures show that this coming in of the Gentiles was to be expected and that they were to come in as Gentiles. After these speeches, there is no more debate. The issue is settled: salvation is by grace, whoever you are, and the law is not a requirement that is to be added to faith.
3. Applying it today
This issue has resonated down through the centuries as people have grappled with how a person is saved. But, as we've seen, the issue is not simply about salvation by works, it is also to do with the difference between proselytism and conversion.
The brothers who caused the trouble were not denying that salvation is through faith in Jesus; what they were doing was adding to that the requirement to become Jews. They were clinging to Jewish exclusivity and in doing so pushing a Christ-plus theology.
The issue of how a person is saved is still with us today and must be contended for and settled on scriptural grounds. The whole gospel is at stake where a 'Christ-plus' theology is at work and God is robbed of his glory. Such teaching must be countered.
But the issue of proselytism versus conversion is also still with us and is capable of much damage. We can find ourselves thinking in terms that are strikingly similar to the Judaisers: new converts must become like us in every way, since our expression of Christian faith is the only authentic one.
So you have Africans made to worship in Western style, unspoken rules about what to wear in church, the right way of doing church and so on. Those examples are only the tip of what is probably a very large iceberg but they illustrate the point being made.
Are we seeking proselytes or converts? Do we even sub-consciously add anything to faith in Jesus for salvation? Are we in danger of making the church in our own image, instead of the diverse body God has created? Part of the glory of the gospel is that it unites people from all races in the one family of God.
4. The Decree
Gentiles who become Christians remain Gentiles. But if new converts stay in their particular culture, does that mean anything goes in terms of that culture? That issue is also addressed here and we'll close by briefly looking at it.
The stipulations that James mentions and that are laid down in the letter that is sent have attracted a lot of comment. What are they referring to and why are they mentioned?
One possibility is that they simply refer to certain ceremonial matters under Jewish law that the Gentiles need to observe in order to not upset the sensibilities of Jewish Christians.
But that position is not easy to sustain. So what do they refer to? When James speaks of abstaining from food polluted by idols, it seems likely that he is referring to an occasion (a public feast perhaps) where animals are offered to idols and the food is eaten.
The other things he mentions fit into that scenario too: at such pagan feasts, animals would often be strangled and their blood consumed, and people would often indulge in all sorts of sexual immorality. To partake at such feasts as they had done in the past would pose grave problems to these new believers.
So whilst they are not being required in conversion to leave their culture, they are not to just simply go along with it. Their new faith is to critique their culture; within their old culture they are to live counter-cultural lives that witness to the transforming grace of God.
The implications of this for us are also far-reaching. Within our culture, do we live distinctively Christian lives that critique the culture or do we simply go with the flow? We need wisdom as we seek to live in the world whilst not being of it. May God give it to us! Amen.
In terms of way Acts is structured and the way Luke tells the story of the early church, this chapter forms the central focus. Strategically and theologically, it is utterly crucial.
1. The Problem (v.1)
The issue arises in v.1 tells when "Some men...". The problem being raised here is not simply one of salvation by works but of salvation through becoming Jews. They were quite happy for Gentiles to come into God's family but it had to be by becoming Jews (proselytes) otherwise they couldn't be saved.
For centuries, Jews were used to Gentiles embracing the ancient faith, coming to worship the one true God. But to do that, they needed to become as Jews. These Jews, who are now Christians, are still working under that old system: to be saved, part of the family of God, you need to believe in Jesus and become Jews.
This brought them "into sharp dispute and debate" with Paul and Barnabas - a 'full and frank exchange of views'. A major storm is brewing that threatens the Gentile mission & the unity of the church.
2. The Solution
The church at Antioch send Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem to try to sort the problem out. As they go, they tell in Phoenicia and Samaria what the Lord has done and there is great rejoicing. But how will Jerusalem react?
When the meeting is convened, there is much discussion and some of the believing Pharisees put the case for the Gentiles being circumcised. There follows 3 decisive speeches which effectively resolve the issue:
i) Peter - The first to speak at length is Peter who recounts his experience with Cornelius and his household. He makes a number of points that are extremely important.
He recalls in v.9 how God showed he accepted them just as he had the Jews by giving them his Spirit when they believed, as Gentiles. Then in v.10 he speaks of the law as having been a burden to the Jews, a burden they'd found hard to bear. And he concludes in v.11 by affirming that "it is through the grace of our Lord Jesus that we are saved, just as they are".
Salvation is, and always was, by grace, for all peoples. But now, all who believe are saved as they are, without being required to come under the law and become Jews.
ii) Paul & Barnabas - The second main speech is made by Paul and Barnabas (v.12). They too speak of their experiences, referring to how the Lord has been with them, working signs and wonders among the Gentiles through them.
Their point is that God has authenticated their work, a work that had not required Gentiles to become Jews in order to be saved. Would God have been with them in such power if they were fundamentally wrong in what they were doing?
iii) James - Last of all, James speaks, clearly with authority, although quite how much authority is a moot point! But whatever the answer to that question, what is not in doubt is the decisive contribution his argument makes to the debate (v.15ff).
Peter and Paul have related their experiences of God at work among the Gentiles; James now brings those experiences to the bar of scripture and shows how what has happened is entirely in line with what the Lord had said would happen.
He refers to part of the prophecy of Amos, a passage that has in mind the last-times when the Lord would act to restore his people. Clearly that is what has happened in Jesus for all Jews who would believe. But what of the Gentiles?
These verses from Amos show conclusively that when God acted to restore his people, he would also at that time bring in the Gentiles too. We read here of "the remnant of men" seeking the Lord and of "the Gentiles who bear my name". And in v.17 it's clear that the Gentiles would come in as a result of God's work among the Jewish people.
So the OT scriptures show that this coming in of the Gentiles was to be expected and that they were to come in as Gentiles. After these speeches, there is no more debate. The issue is settled: salvation is by grace, whoever you are, and the law is not a requirement that is to be added to faith.
3. Applying it today
This issue has resonated down through the centuries as people have grappled with how a person is saved. But, as we've seen, the issue is not simply about salvation by works, it is also to do with the difference between proselytism and conversion.
The brothers who caused the trouble were not denying that salvation is through faith in Jesus; what they were doing was adding to that the requirement to become Jews. They were clinging to Jewish exclusivity and in doing so pushing a Christ-plus theology.
The issue of how a person is saved is still with us today and must be contended for and settled on scriptural grounds. The whole gospel is at stake where a 'Christ-plus' theology is at work and God is robbed of his glory. Such teaching must be countered.
But the issue of proselytism versus conversion is also still with us and is capable of much damage. We can find ourselves thinking in terms that are strikingly similar to the Judaisers: new converts must become like us in every way, since our expression of Christian faith is the only authentic one.
So you have Africans made to worship in Western style, unspoken rules about what to wear in church, the right way of doing church and so on. Those examples are only the tip of what is probably a very large iceberg but they illustrate the point being made.
Are we seeking proselytes or converts? Do we even sub-consciously add anything to faith in Jesus for salvation? Are we in danger of making the church in our own image, instead of the diverse body God has created? Part of the glory of the gospel is that it unites people from all races in the one family of God.
4. The Decree
Gentiles who become Christians remain Gentiles. But if new converts stay in their particular culture, does that mean anything goes in terms of that culture? That issue is also addressed here and we'll close by briefly looking at it.
The stipulations that James mentions and that are laid down in the letter that is sent have attracted a lot of comment. What are they referring to and why are they mentioned?
One possibility is that they simply refer to certain ceremonial matters under Jewish law that the Gentiles need to observe in order to not upset the sensibilities of Jewish Christians.
But that position is not easy to sustain. So what do they refer to? When James speaks of abstaining from food polluted by idols, it seems likely that he is referring to an occasion (a public feast perhaps) where animals are offered to idols and the food is eaten.
The other things he mentions fit into that scenario too: at such pagan feasts, animals would often be strangled and their blood consumed, and people would often indulge in all sorts of sexual immorality. To partake at such feasts as they had done in the past would pose grave problems to these new believers.
So whilst they are not being required in conversion to leave their culture, they are not to just simply go along with it. Their new faith is to critique their culture; within their old culture they are to live counter-cultural lives that witness to the transforming grace of God.
The implications of this for us are also far-reaching. Within our culture, do we live distinctively Christian lives that critique the culture or do we simply go with the flow? We need wisdom as we seek to live in the world whilst not being of it. May God give it to us! Amen.
Acts 14:1-28
Having been expelled from Antioch by the unbelieving Jews, where would Paul and Barnabas go next? Ch.14 gives a 3-part answer to that question - a bit like a missionary slide show, giving details of the places they went, the people they met, the experiences they had. Let's look at those slides.
1. In Iconium (vv.1-7)
Their first stop was Iconium, where they followed their usual pattern of going to the synagogue first. Here they met with real success: "they spoke so effectively that a great number of Jews and Gentiles believed" (v.1). How encouraging this must have been for them, having so recently been troubled in Antioch!
But trouble is never far away! The Jews who didn't believe "stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against the brothers" (v.2). They deliberately opposed the message and distorted what was being said and ran down the messengers. This is clearly very serious. God is at work in a powerful way; many people have been saved. But the opposition is also real and powerful. What will Paul and Barnabas do? The situation could get very ugly.
Despite the potential for danger, and on account of the trouble stirred up by the Jews, they "spent considerable time there" (v.3). Where the gospel is opposed and distorted, it needs to be met with a determination to explain and defend it; the lies need to be countered and answered. And so the disciples stayed on there, "speaking boldly for the Lord" (v.3).
But they were not on their own: "the Lord...confirmed the message of his grace by enabling them to do miraculous signs and wonders" (v.3). This is not a settled pattern but where the Lord chooses to do so for his own purposes, he can confirm what is being said in incontrovertible ways. And yet, despite the display of God's power to authenticate his word, the city is split over the issue and a plot to mistreat and stone the disciples is hatched. Because of this turn of events, it's decided that it would be best for them to leave.
Here is an issue still faced by missionaries today. When trouble comes, should you stay and face it or should you leave and hope to return when things are quieter? Didn't Paul and Barnabas trust the Lord to protect them? Hadn't he shown his power in the miracles they'd done? So why leave now? And what about those who can't leave?
Great wisdom is needed on this issue because both courses of action are found in the NT. It seems the usual option is move on or to withdraw for a time, except where it is clear that the Lord has other plans. We need to pray for missionaries and mission boards handling such issues and also for those they leave behind, that they would be kept safe and that they would understand the decision taken.
2. In Lystra
The second slide takes us to the city of Lystra. Here they "continued to preach the good news" (v.7); they weren't put off by what had just happened. Again the Lord is at work: a crippled man is not only healed but saved as he listens. This amazes the crowd who think that the gods have come to them in human form and want to sacrifice to them.
They could have been glad to be popular for once but they won't have anything of it: "We too are only men, human like you." And with that they try to enlighten the crowd with the truth.
As we've seen, the gospel is shared according to the context. Paul doesn't speak about God's dealings with the Jews as he did at Antioch; he starts where these people are, with God's dealings with them in what we call common grace.
He speaks of the Creator and the evidence on every hand of the his care for them. Like all the nations they had gone their own way in sinful idolatry but God had not abandoned them; every day he'd given a testimony of his care and concern.
Here is a vital lesson in speaking to people with little or no Christian background: start where they are, with what is common ground. They had experienced God's care without knowing it, so Paul used that as a way in to sharing with them.
And yet still they want to sacrifice to him and Barnabas. When confronted with the gospel, paganism doesn't simply roll over. The human heart is highly resistant to God's truth. It needs God's truth to be accompanied by God's power to change the heart.
The perversity of human nature is seen in the way the crowd is so easily won over by the Jews from Antioch who come to cause trouble for the apostles. The next thing you know they're stoning Paul and dragging him outside the city. From a god to a dog in no time at all! A crowd that has been impressed by a healing is suddenly incited to hatred. Such is the human heart.
Paul is very badly hurt. But the disciples gather round him and he's soon back on his feet and, amazingly, goes back into the city. But they leave the next day, it's simply got too dangerous to stay - both for them and the new converts.
3. To Derbe & Back
And so they head off to Derbe. Luke gives a quick summary of what happened there: nothing dramatic, just preaching the good news and a large number saved. Just an ordinary day at the office!
Luke's focus here is on what they did on their return trip and what they did when they got back to Antioch.
i) On the Way - Instead of simply going back by the shortest route, they go back the way they came, stopping in each place and "strengthening the disciples and encouraging them to remain true to the faith". Life would be tough for these new believers; Paul makes that clear (v.22) but commits them "to the Lord in whom they had put their trust". The Lord would be with them and would bring them safely into his kingdom.
Along with their own work of teaching and encouraging, Paul and Barnabas appointed elders in every church, men who would be able to lead the churches and teach God's Word, keeping going what had already begun.
The work of mission is not simply about gaining converts but also equipping them for a life of discipleship in a hostile world. A ministry of strengthening and encouraging is vital to that, as is the appointing of elders in the churches. That's something to pray for every church.
ii) Reporting Back - When they reach Antioch, Paul and Barnabas called the church together and told them all that had happened to them, dwelling on what God had done through them and how he had opened the door of faith to the Gentiles.
This isn't a debriefing session, with the church sitting in judgement on what they'd done. Here are believers gathered to hear what the Lord has done and to give him the praise and glory. Paul and Barnabas had been faithful to the task the Lord had committed to them and he had been faithful to them in keeping them safe and blessing their labours.
May we too be found faithful and know ourselves the ongoing faithfulness of God as we seek to serve him in our own day, whatever the cost. Amen.
1. In Iconium (vv.1-7)
Their first stop was Iconium, where they followed their usual pattern of going to the synagogue first. Here they met with real success: "they spoke so effectively that a great number of Jews and Gentiles believed" (v.1). How encouraging this must have been for them, having so recently been troubled in Antioch!
But trouble is never far away! The Jews who didn't believe "stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against the brothers" (v.2). They deliberately opposed the message and distorted what was being said and ran down the messengers. This is clearly very serious. God is at work in a powerful way; many people have been saved. But the opposition is also real and powerful. What will Paul and Barnabas do? The situation could get very ugly.
Despite the potential for danger, and on account of the trouble stirred up by the Jews, they "spent considerable time there" (v.3). Where the gospel is opposed and distorted, it needs to be met with a determination to explain and defend it; the lies need to be countered and answered. And so the disciples stayed on there, "speaking boldly for the Lord" (v.3).
But they were not on their own: "the Lord...confirmed the message of his grace by enabling them to do miraculous signs and wonders" (v.3). This is not a settled pattern but where the Lord chooses to do so for his own purposes, he can confirm what is being said in incontrovertible ways. And yet, despite the display of God's power to authenticate his word, the city is split over the issue and a plot to mistreat and stone the disciples is hatched. Because of this turn of events, it's decided that it would be best for them to leave.
Here is an issue still faced by missionaries today. When trouble comes, should you stay and face it or should you leave and hope to return when things are quieter? Didn't Paul and Barnabas trust the Lord to protect them? Hadn't he shown his power in the miracles they'd done? So why leave now? And what about those who can't leave?
Great wisdom is needed on this issue because both courses of action are found in the NT. It seems the usual option is move on or to withdraw for a time, except where it is clear that the Lord has other plans. We need to pray for missionaries and mission boards handling such issues and also for those they leave behind, that they would be kept safe and that they would understand the decision taken.
2. In Lystra
The second slide takes us to the city of Lystra. Here they "continued to preach the good news" (v.7); they weren't put off by what had just happened. Again the Lord is at work: a crippled man is not only healed but saved as he listens. This amazes the crowd who think that the gods have come to them in human form and want to sacrifice to them.
They could have been glad to be popular for once but they won't have anything of it: "We too are only men, human like you." And with that they try to enlighten the crowd with the truth.
As we've seen, the gospel is shared according to the context. Paul doesn't speak about God's dealings with the Jews as he did at Antioch; he starts where these people are, with God's dealings with them in what we call common grace.
He speaks of the Creator and the evidence on every hand of the his care for them. Like all the nations they had gone their own way in sinful idolatry but God had not abandoned them; every day he'd given a testimony of his care and concern.
Here is a vital lesson in speaking to people with little or no Christian background: start where they are, with what is common ground. They had experienced God's care without knowing it, so Paul used that as a way in to sharing with them.
And yet still they want to sacrifice to him and Barnabas. When confronted with the gospel, paganism doesn't simply roll over. The human heart is highly resistant to God's truth. It needs God's truth to be accompanied by God's power to change the heart.
The perversity of human nature is seen in the way the crowd is so easily won over by the Jews from Antioch who come to cause trouble for the apostles. The next thing you know they're stoning Paul and dragging him outside the city. From a god to a dog in no time at all! A crowd that has been impressed by a healing is suddenly incited to hatred. Such is the human heart.
Paul is very badly hurt. But the disciples gather round him and he's soon back on his feet and, amazingly, goes back into the city. But they leave the next day, it's simply got too dangerous to stay - both for them and the new converts.
3. To Derbe & Back
And so they head off to Derbe. Luke gives a quick summary of what happened there: nothing dramatic, just preaching the good news and a large number saved. Just an ordinary day at the office!
Luke's focus here is on what they did on their return trip and what they did when they got back to Antioch.
i) On the Way - Instead of simply going back by the shortest route, they go back the way they came, stopping in each place and "strengthening the disciples and encouraging them to remain true to the faith". Life would be tough for these new believers; Paul makes that clear (v.22) but commits them "to the Lord in whom they had put their trust". The Lord would be with them and would bring them safely into his kingdom.
Along with their own work of teaching and encouraging, Paul and Barnabas appointed elders in every church, men who would be able to lead the churches and teach God's Word, keeping going what had already begun.
The work of mission is not simply about gaining converts but also equipping them for a life of discipleship in a hostile world. A ministry of strengthening and encouraging is vital to that, as is the appointing of elders in the churches. That's something to pray for every church.
ii) Reporting Back - When they reach Antioch, Paul and Barnabas called the church together and told them all that had happened to them, dwelling on what God had done through them and how he had opened the door of faith to the Gentiles.
This isn't a debriefing session, with the church sitting in judgement on what they'd done. Here are believers gathered to hear what the Lord has done and to give him the praise and glory. Paul and Barnabas had been faithful to the task the Lord had committed to them and he had been faithful to them in keeping them safe and blessing their labours.
May we too be found faithful and know ourselves the ongoing faithfulness of God as we seek to serve him in our own day, whatever the cost. Amen.
Acts 13:13-52
We're following Barnabus and Saul on their first missionary journey and have seen them at work on Cyprus, sharing the good news, encountering opposition and seeing God at work in people's lives. As their story continues, they move on, first to Perga and then to Antioch in Pisidia, a very arduous journey over the Taurus mountain range. Why they decided on this Antioch isn't clear, although it is known that Sergius Paulus had relatives there, so maybe that influenced their decision.
On the way, John Mark decides to go back to Jerusalem. Not much is made of that here but it will later be a source of real tension between his uncle Barnabas and Paul. They continue on their journey and, from the way Luke writes his account, it seems that Saul, now referred to as Paul, is the leading figure in the group.
What we're going to see in the rest of this chapter is a lengthy account of their ministry in Pisidian Antioch. A number of very important points emerge from what Luke has written.
1. The Pattern: Jews First
Firstly, notice the pattern they follow in their work. They begin at the synagogue. In Rom. 1:16, Paul says the gospel "is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile."
Why that pattern? What does Paul mean, "first for the Jew"? As his speech will show, this is not simply a pragmatic move but a theological one. The God who made all things chose to act to bring salvation for mankind through the Jewish nation. They ought to be a prepared people, ready to hear the news about Jesus the Messiah. That's why they're first!
In terms of today, that moment of history is of course long passed. But Jews still need to hear about Jesus, as much as any other people group; they're as lost as anyone else. But the strategy 'first to the Jew', which Paul derived from God's dealings in history, no longer holds for today.
2. The Speech: Grace, Rejection, Vindication
Following God's plan of starting with the Jews, and at the invitation of the synagogue rulers, Paul stands up to speak. They would have been hoping for a speech to encourage them in their long-awaited hope for God's redemption of them. They wouldn't be disappointed!
i) A focus on God's grace - In vv.16-25, Paul sketches out some of the major points in the history of Israel. In doing so, he highlights the fact that they have had a special history because God chose them. God acted in grace toward them.
And his choice of them and work among them was all destined to climax in the coming of the Saviour who he identifies here as Jesus, a descendent of David.
ii) Jesus, rejected but vindicated - Then, in the second main section of his sermon, vv.26-37, Paul shows what happened to Jesus. Far from being hailed as the Messiah, he was rejected by the Jewish people and crucified on a cross. Yet this was all in the plan and purpose of God and had been prophesied in the OT (v.19).
So was he the Messiah after all? How could they know for sure? They could be sure because God had vindicated him as his Son, the Messiah, by raising him from the dead! Again, this was just what the Jewish scriptures had said would happen. God's plan was being kept to the letter!
iii) Calling & Warning - Which leaves the people with the most important decision to make. In the final part of his sermon, Paul tells them that forgiveness, justification, is available in Jesus and him only. They mustn't rely on the law to save them; it could not and would not. Only Jesus can do so. And he warns them that if they reject Jesus, judgement will follow.
What can we learn from that summary of Paul's message?
a) The whole sermon take into account his hearers context; he starts where they are and relates the good news to them. That is a constant feature in Acts and should be so with us too.
b) He shows the grace of God in initiating the plan of salvation. This is not something tacked-on to the history of the Jews as though it was an afterthought. When we share the gospel with others, we're bringing before them the great purpose of the whole of history!
c) Paul focusses on the significance of Jesus. The cross isn't explained here in great detail in terms of the atonement; what he is concerned to do is to show how the resurrection was God's seal of approval on his Son and how true justification is found in him alone. This is a nonnegotiable!
d) The gospel is for everyone. Although Paul begins with the Jews, he recognises those present who were converts to Judaism and later says that "everyone who believes is justified" and recognises they had been made "a light to the Gentiles". Here is a perspective we must always retain ourselves.
e) He is not unwilling to lay before them the consequences of rejecting the message. As we'll see, it leads to persecution but that isn't what matters; what does count is being faithful to God and not leaving his hearers in the dark about the serious consequences of rejecting Jesus.
3. The Outcome: Faith & Ferocity
The message has been clearly and powerfully presented. What will the outcome be? As they left the synagogue a number of the Jews and God-fearing Gentiles follow them, clearly impressed by what they had said. Paul and Barnabas urge them to continue in the grace of God.
Does that mean these people were already saved? No. Paul has shown in his speech that God had acted in grace toward the Jews in their history. The OT is about grace as much as the NT is! What they need to do now is continue in that grace by receiving its decisive expression in Jesus the Messiah.
The signs are very hopeful and are even more so the next Sabbath when great numbers turn up to listen. This infuriates the Jews who are filled with jealousy. At this point Paul speaks in judgement: since they don't consider themselves worthy of eternal life and reject God's Word, they will go to the Gentiles.
There's a warning here for all who know the gospel well yet haven't responded to it. The Jews were being judged because of their unwillingness to believe. Don't let that happen to you!
As for the Gentiles, many of them honoured the word and believed, as many as had been appointed by God for eternal life. He's in control, working his purposes out, saving those he has set his love upon as his Word "spread through the whole region" (v.49).
And despite the persecution of the Jews, the disciples were filled with joy and the Holy Spirit. May that be our experience too as we honour God's Word through faith in Jesus. Amen!
On the way, John Mark decides to go back to Jerusalem. Not much is made of that here but it will later be a source of real tension between his uncle Barnabas and Paul. They continue on their journey and, from the way Luke writes his account, it seems that Saul, now referred to as Paul, is the leading figure in the group.
What we're going to see in the rest of this chapter is a lengthy account of their ministry in Pisidian Antioch. A number of very important points emerge from what Luke has written.
1. The Pattern: Jews First
Firstly, notice the pattern they follow in their work. They begin at the synagogue. In Rom. 1:16, Paul says the gospel "is the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile."
Why that pattern? What does Paul mean, "first for the Jew"? As his speech will show, this is not simply a pragmatic move but a theological one. The God who made all things chose to act to bring salvation for mankind through the Jewish nation. They ought to be a prepared people, ready to hear the news about Jesus the Messiah. That's why they're first!
In terms of today, that moment of history is of course long passed. But Jews still need to hear about Jesus, as much as any other people group; they're as lost as anyone else. But the strategy 'first to the Jew', which Paul derived from God's dealings in history, no longer holds for today.
2. The Speech: Grace, Rejection, Vindication
Following God's plan of starting with the Jews, and at the invitation of the synagogue rulers, Paul stands up to speak. They would have been hoping for a speech to encourage them in their long-awaited hope for God's redemption of them. They wouldn't be disappointed!
i) A focus on God's grace - In vv.16-25, Paul sketches out some of the major points in the history of Israel. In doing so, he highlights the fact that they have had a special history because God chose them. God acted in grace toward them.
And his choice of them and work among them was all destined to climax in the coming of the Saviour who he identifies here as Jesus, a descendent of David.
ii) Jesus, rejected but vindicated - Then, in the second main section of his sermon, vv.26-37, Paul shows what happened to Jesus. Far from being hailed as the Messiah, he was rejected by the Jewish people and crucified on a cross. Yet this was all in the plan and purpose of God and had been prophesied in the OT (v.19).
So was he the Messiah after all? How could they know for sure? They could be sure because God had vindicated him as his Son, the Messiah, by raising him from the dead! Again, this was just what the Jewish scriptures had said would happen. God's plan was being kept to the letter!
iii) Calling & Warning - Which leaves the people with the most important decision to make. In the final part of his sermon, Paul tells them that forgiveness, justification, is available in Jesus and him only. They mustn't rely on the law to save them; it could not and would not. Only Jesus can do so. And he warns them that if they reject Jesus, judgement will follow.
What can we learn from that summary of Paul's message?
a) The whole sermon take into account his hearers context; he starts where they are and relates the good news to them. That is a constant feature in Acts and should be so with us too.
b) He shows the grace of God in initiating the plan of salvation. This is not something tacked-on to the history of the Jews as though it was an afterthought. When we share the gospel with others, we're bringing before them the great purpose of the whole of history!
c) Paul focusses on the significance of Jesus. The cross isn't explained here in great detail in terms of the atonement; what he is concerned to do is to show how the resurrection was God's seal of approval on his Son and how true justification is found in him alone. This is a nonnegotiable!
d) The gospel is for everyone. Although Paul begins with the Jews, he recognises those present who were converts to Judaism and later says that "everyone who believes is justified" and recognises they had been made "a light to the Gentiles". Here is a perspective we must always retain ourselves.
e) He is not unwilling to lay before them the consequences of rejecting the message. As we'll see, it leads to persecution but that isn't what matters; what does count is being faithful to God and not leaving his hearers in the dark about the serious consequences of rejecting Jesus.
3. The Outcome: Faith & Ferocity
The message has been clearly and powerfully presented. What will the outcome be? As they left the synagogue a number of the Jews and God-fearing Gentiles follow them, clearly impressed by what they had said. Paul and Barnabas urge them to continue in the grace of God.
Does that mean these people were already saved? No. Paul has shown in his speech that God had acted in grace toward the Jews in their history. The OT is about grace as much as the NT is! What they need to do now is continue in that grace by receiving its decisive expression in Jesus the Messiah.
The signs are very hopeful and are even more so the next Sabbath when great numbers turn up to listen. This infuriates the Jews who are filled with jealousy. At this point Paul speaks in judgement: since they don't consider themselves worthy of eternal life and reject God's Word, they will go to the Gentiles.
There's a warning here for all who know the gospel well yet haven't responded to it. The Jews were being judged because of their unwillingness to believe. Don't let that happen to you!
As for the Gentiles, many of them honoured the word and believed, as many as had been appointed by God for eternal life. He's in control, working his purposes out, saving those he has set his love upon as his Word "spread through the whole region" (v.49).
And despite the persecution of the Jews, the disciples were filled with joy and the Holy Spirit. May that be our experience too as we honour God's Word through faith in Jesus. Amen!
Acts 12:25 - 13:12
Having delivered the gift from the church at Antioch to the believers in Jerusalem, Barnabus and Saul make their way back to Antioch in 12:25, taking with them John Mark. What follows is commonly known as 'Paul's first missionary journey', ending at 14:28, and is of great interest and significance.
1. God-directed mission
The first thing to notice regarding the whole work of mission is that it is God-directed. That point is made very plain in these verses - "the Holy Spirit said" (v.2); "set apart for me" (v.2); "the work to which I have called them" (v.2); "sent on their way by the Holy Spirit" (v.4).
This is something we've seen before in Acts. The church's mission is not man-made; it is the expression of the heart and purpose of God, the reason for which he sent his Son and now acts in power by his Spirit.
Although this is the first time workers are sent out, it's not the first time the Lord has acted to further his purposes in mission. We have seen him doing so in 8:4ff and 11:19ff through those who were scattered and also through Philip, one of the seven. The work of mission is a whole church affair.
But it is clear here that the Lord also chooses for his work to be done by those specifically called by him and set apart for this work. Mission is not the sole preserve of the "full-time worker" but such people are used by the Lord in taking the work forward.
So God is in control of mission and exercises that control through his Spirit. He calls and equips, he directs his people and calls the shots.
This is both humbling and tremendously encouraging. It keeps us in our place, in case we deem ourselves to be the ones by whom mission stands or falls. And it also gives us great heart as we face our limitations, in terms of resources, power and wisdom. Where we feel stretched, weak and baffled, how good to remember that the work of mission, which is a whole-church calling, is the Lord's work and is under his control!
2. Our part
But that is not to say that we do not have a part to play. Again, these verses show us, in principle if not in terms of details, what that part is.
i) Seriously Seeking - The first thing to notice about the church at Antioch, certainly its leaders, is that they were seriously seeking the Lord. It was while they were worshipping him and fasting that he spoke to them about this matter.
The word for 'worshipping' implies the idea of priestly service and seems to indicate that they were seeking God regarding the work of mission. Because his work was high on their hearts, it was a major item in their prayers. They set aside time for it and denied themselves food in order to do so and to show just how serious they were about this. It wasn't a passing fad but a passionate aim.
Their example is a real challenge, not only to church leaders but to the whole church. Would we deny ourselves for the sake of the gospel? Are we burdened for those who haven't heard but who need to? Is God's glory in saving his people a major item in our prayers because it's high on our hearts?
ii) Obediently Sending - Then notice that the church that was seriously seeking was also obedient in sending those the Lord had called to the work. They acted at once to send them out. This is not an incidental point. The Lord had called two of their most gifted leaders. How would they cope without them? They'd certainly miss them - which church wouldn't? But they didn't argue with the Lord's clear direction; instead, they took what he had said and ran with it.
Now, the way it was made clear to them is not made clear to us! More than likely it was through on the prophets in the church. But however the Lord makes his will plain to us, our duty is not to limit what he says or try to put it off; our clear duty is to act with swift obedience.
iii) Thoughtfully Proceeding - Having been sent out by the Holy Spirit and let go of by the church, Barnabus and Saul proceed to engage in the work of mission. How they do so is again of great importance to us.
The Lord's call was quite general ("the work to which I have called them"). Clearly, that is the work of preaching the gospel. But where do they start? What is the plan? That seems to have been left to them to decide, perhaps in consultation with the church.
They began by going to Seleucia and then on to Cyprus, which is where Barnabas was from, and went through the island. Maybe they went to Cyprus for supplies or because Barnabus knew the people and was more comfortable there.
The point that seems to be made is that they had a plan and stuck with it. They would go to major population centres, places of strategic importance. The Lord had called them and they responded by engaging in the work thoughtfully.
Mission is in God's control but we must play our part: seriously seek him, obediently respond to him and then thoughtfully proceed with the work, trusting in his overruling providence.
3. The Work Itself
But what about the work itself? What is going to be involved in that? The account of their time on Cyprus gives us a cameo of what all gospel ministry is about, whoever we are.
i) Proclaiming the gospel - In v.5 we're told they "proclaimed the word of God", beginning in the Jewish synagogues. The mission they were sent on, and that we as a church share, is to tell the good news about the Lord Jesus. The telling must be married to right living but telling is always essential and indispensable.
ii) Opposition from sinners & Satan - Telling will always be opposed, by sinners and by Satan. In this incident, the two workers are troubled by a sorcerer, Elymas. Here is evil trying to do its worst, Satan using a person steeped in sin to try to hinder the work of God and keep others in the darkness.
Whatever form it takes, such opposition is to be expected; this isn't going to be an isolated incident in the life of these early workers. We too must expect to be opposed and hindered in the same work.
iii) Success - But opposition will not ultimately be able to hinder the work of the gospel. Elymas does his worst but God is at work and, as Saul deals with him, Sergius the Proconsul is converted. Now, notice what we're told about him: when he saw what happened, he believed. Why? Was he amazed that Saul could call down such judgement? No; we're told that "he believed for he was amazed at the teaching about the Lord". It was the gospel that made the deepest impression on him.
The work goes on today. The Lord is in control of the mission, calling out workers, seeking churches to be partners in the work. And as we engage in the work, faithfully telling the gospel, although opposition will come, we can be sure that the Lord will prevail. May he help us to seek him and obey him.
1. God-directed mission
The first thing to notice regarding the whole work of mission is that it is God-directed. That point is made very plain in these verses - "the Holy Spirit said" (v.2); "set apart for me" (v.2); "the work to which I have called them" (v.2); "sent on their way by the Holy Spirit" (v.4).
This is something we've seen before in Acts. The church's mission is not man-made; it is the expression of the heart and purpose of God, the reason for which he sent his Son and now acts in power by his Spirit.
Although this is the first time workers are sent out, it's not the first time the Lord has acted to further his purposes in mission. We have seen him doing so in 8:4ff and 11:19ff through those who were scattered and also through Philip, one of the seven. The work of mission is a whole church affair.
But it is clear here that the Lord also chooses for his work to be done by those specifically called by him and set apart for this work. Mission is not the sole preserve of the "full-time worker" but such people are used by the Lord in taking the work forward.
So God is in control of mission and exercises that control through his Spirit. He calls and equips, he directs his people and calls the shots.
This is both humbling and tremendously encouraging. It keeps us in our place, in case we deem ourselves to be the ones by whom mission stands or falls. And it also gives us great heart as we face our limitations, in terms of resources, power and wisdom. Where we feel stretched, weak and baffled, how good to remember that the work of mission, which is a whole-church calling, is the Lord's work and is under his control!
2. Our part
But that is not to say that we do not have a part to play. Again, these verses show us, in principle if not in terms of details, what that part is.
i) Seriously Seeking - The first thing to notice about the church at Antioch, certainly its leaders, is that they were seriously seeking the Lord. It was while they were worshipping him and fasting that he spoke to them about this matter.
The word for 'worshipping' implies the idea of priestly service and seems to indicate that they were seeking God regarding the work of mission. Because his work was high on their hearts, it was a major item in their prayers. They set aside time for it and denied themselves food in order to do so and to show just how serious they were about this. It wasn't a passing fad but a passionate aim.
Their example is a real challenge, not only to church leaders but to the whole church. Would we deny ourselves for the sake of the gospel? Are we burdened for those who haven't heard but who need to? Is God's glory in saving his people a major item in our prayers because it's high on our hearts?
ii) Obediently Sending - Then notice that the church that was seriously seeking was also obedient in sending those the Lord had called to the work. They acted at once to send them out. This is not an incidental point. The Lord had called two of their most gifted leaders. How would they cope without them? They'd certainly miss them - which church wouldn't? But they didn't argue with the Lord's clear direction; instead, they took what he had said and ran with it.
Now, the way it was made clear to them is not made clear to us! More than likely it was through on the prophets in the church. But however the Lord makes his will plain to us, our duty is not to limit what he says or try to put it off; our clear duty is to act with swift obedience.
iii) Thoughtfully Proceeding - Having been sent out by the Holy Spirit and let go of by the church, Barnabus and Saul proceed to engage in the work of mission. How they do so is again of great importance to us.
The Lord's call was quite general ("the work to which I have called them"). Clearly, that is the work of preaching the gospel. But where do they start? What is the plan? That seems to have been left to them to decide, perhaps in consultation with the church.
They began by going to Seleucia and then on to Cyprus, which is where Barnabas was from, and went through the island. Maybe they went to Cyprus for supplies or because Barnabus knew the people and was more comfortable there.
The point that seems to be made is that they had a plan and stuck with it. They would go to major population centres, places of strategic importance. The Lord had called them and they responded by engaging in the work thoughtfully.
Mission is in God's control but we must play our part: seriously seek him, obediently respond to him and then thoughtfully proceed with the work, trusting in his overruling providence.
3. The Work Itself
But what about the work itself? What is going to be involved in that? The account of their time on Cyprus gives us a cameo of what all gospel ministry is about, whoever we are.
i) Proclaiming the gospel - In v.5 we're told they "proclaimed the word of God", beginning in the Jewish synagogues. The mission they were sent on, and that we as a church share, is to tell the good news about the Lord Jesus. The telling must be married to right living but telling is always essential and indispensable.
ii) Opposition from sinners & Satan - Telling will always be opposed, by sinners and by Satan. In this incident, the two workers are troubled by a sorcerer, Elymas. Here is evil trying to do its worst, Satan using a person steeped in sin to try to hinder the work of God and keep others in the darkness.
Whatever form it takes, such opposition is to be expected; this isn't going to be an isolated incident in the life of these early workers. We too must expect to be opposed and hindered in the same work.
iii) Success - But opposition will not ultimately be able to hinder the work of the gospel. Elymas does his worst but God is at work and, as Saul deals with him, Sergius the Proconsul is converted. Now, notice what we're told about him: when he saw what happened, he believed. Why? Was he amazed that Saul could call down such judgement? No; we're told that "he believed for he was amazed at the teaching about the Lord". It was the gospel that made the deepest impression on him.
The work goes on today. The Lord is in control of the mission, calling out workers, seeking churches to be partners in the work. And as we engage in the work, faithfully telling the gospel, although opposition will come, we can be sure that the Lord will prevail. May he help us to seek him and obey him.
Acts 12:1-24
When a world title boxing match is being promoted, the media love to give us a flavour of both contestants, their track record and their approach to the upcoming fight. The stage is then set for the fight in all its gory.
In this passage, verse 5 functions in much the same way. A severe persecution has broken out against the leaders of the church in Jerusalem; Herod has put James to the sword (which more than likely means he was beheaded) and has put Peter in prison intending to do the same to him. So we read that "Peter was kept in prison", in Herod's clutches.
The others side of this particular match is then described for us: "But the church was earnestly praying to God for him". Here is a battle of cosmic proportions: evil against good, man against God. Who is going to win? Herod has already shown his might and his meanness with James and the church has been powerless to resist him. Does this verse suggest a battle that is going to be swift and bloody?
1. From Peace To Persecution
Before we come onto what transpires, we need to just rewind a little and notice that, having suffered when Stephen was martyred, the church enjoyed a time of peace (see 9:31). That peace was suddenly shattered by Herod's brutal steps to pursue his political ambitions.
There is a warning for us here. We may enjoy peace but it is not guaranteed to last. And although in a democracy such as ours it may be harder for naked political ambition to exert itself in such a brutal fashion, nevertheless the church is always vulnerable and living on the edges. The human heart has not changed; evil is still real and the spiritual battle rages on. We must not take peace for granted nor be surprised when it ends.
2. Battle Joined!
So Peter is in prison with little prospect, humanly speaking, of being released. In fact, his time is almost up. The church is in earnest prayer for him; they engage in an intense struggle with him and for him. What will be the outcome? Can the Lord protect and deliver his people? Is the church right to trust in him, especially in the light of James' death?
The outcome proves to us, as Peter himself later says in 2 Peter 2:9 that "the Lord knows how to rescue godly men from trials". And how! The scene is one of amazing intervention by the Lord, so amazing that even Peter can't quite believe what's happening, thinking he must be dreaming.
But he isn't. The Lord's rescue is real and impressive. Peter is being guarded round the clock by crack Roman troops; Herod is not playing about here, his intent is deadly. But the Lord sends his angel to wake Peter up, telling him to get dressed, leading him past the guards and out into the street, a free man. The scene would almost be comical were it not for the deadly reminder of Herod's evil in the execution of the guards.
So the great contest is a no contest. The Lord wins, hands down. There is no power like his. When his people are in trouble, it's no trouble for him to rescue them.
Except that he doesn't always do so. Peter keeps his head but James lost his. How come? What's going on here - is Peter a favourite with the Lord while James isn't? Was he taken by surprise by Herod's attack on James but was ready when they came for Peter?
Of course, none of those are the case. His power is unlimited, his love is unquenched, his wisdom unassailable. He is more than able to rescue his people whenever and however he chooses to do so.
So why doesn't he? Here is a mystery before which we must bow as we adore the Lord who is Sovereign. His thoughts are far higher than ours, his determination to prosper his gospel and to bless the nations is quite clear and as intense as ever. But how and when he will do so is in his hands alone.
We have no answer to why he allows evil to prosper at times and at others acts to stop it in its tracks. The power of evil is a reality that we do well to remember but the Lord is always able to deal with it; his power is more than a match for it.
Which is doubly confirmed in the final scene of the chapter when Herod is struck down and dies. Here is a man who has gladly persecuted the church to advance his own political ambitions and who here is happy to be likened to a god as he speaks to the people.
The Lord struck him down because he refused to give glory to God. A life that is lived for self and in blatant idolatry will end in tragedy. The warning is both stark and clear.
3. The Place of Prayer
So this passage has much to teach us about the Lord's power and his ability to rescue. It also has a lot to teach us about humility before him and an acceptance of his will. But along with those lessons, much is also taught about prayer in the life of the church and in the outworking of God's purposes.
The way that the contest is set-up in verse 5 highlights the fact that the church is praying to God. One of the questions posed (and answered) here is whether the Lord will hear his people's prayers and respond to them. Yes, he does.
The outcome is a great encouragement to the church in all ages to look to God for his help, to "approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in time of need" (Heb. 4:16).
We have many needs and there are numerous challenges that face the church today. We may not be imprisoned but we are under threat. Where else can we go but to the Lord? But do we go to him? Is it a case of having not because we ask not?
Luke clearly aligns the prayer of the church with the Lord's deliverance of Peter. So is that a guarantee that the Lord will do for us just what we want, when we want it? The example of this church at prayer helps us with that question.
It's often suggested that the church was praying but without much faith that Peter would be released, because when he is, the church can't believe it (vv.12-16). But that need not be the case. If it was, we would expect to see the point made much more clearly in the text itself.
It is far more likely that the church is praying for Peter to be kept strong and true to his Lord as he undergoes such a severe trial. No doubt they have asked the Lord to free him if it pleases him but they have no reason to suppose from the way the Lord allowed James to be killed that he will spare Peter.
Look back at their prayer in 4:23ff - they don't ask to be kept from persecution but pray for boldness to go on preaching the gospel and for the Lord to vindicate his name and judge their enemies. This is just what he does in this situation now.
They aren't surprised to see Peter because their faith is small; what they are is surprised by joy, having submitted to God's will and trusted him for the outcome, whatever that might be.
There is a great battle that is ongoing today, a spiritual battle that is costly and dangerous. What is our hope in it? That the Lord knows how to rescue godly men from trials and will act for his glory's sake and the blessing of the gospel. We need to grasp that and run with it in prayer.
In this passage, verse 5 functions in much the same way. A severe persecution has broken out against the leaders of the church in Jerusalem; Herod has put James to the sword (which more than likely means he was beheaded) and has put Peter in prison intending to do the same to him. So we read that "Peter was kept in prison", in Herod's clutches.
The others side of this particular match is then described for us: "But the church was earnestly praying to God for him". Here is a battle of cosmic proportions: evil against good, man against God. Who is going to win? Herod has already shown his might and his meanness with James and the church has been powerless to resist him. Does this verse suggest a battle that is going to be swift and bloody?
1. From Peace To Persecution
Before we come onto what transpires, we need to just rewind a little and notice that, having suffered when Stephen was martyred, the church enjoyed a time of peace (see 9:31). That peace was suddenly shattered by Herod's brutal steps to pursue his political ambitions.
There is a warning for us here. We may enjoy peace but it is not guaranteed to last. And although in a democracy such as ours it may be harder for naked political ambition to exert itself in such a brutal fashion, nevertheless the church is always vulnerable and living on the edges. The human heart has not changed; evil is still real and the spiritual battle rages on. We must not take peace for granted nor be surprised when it ends.
2. Battle Joined!
So Peter is in prison with little prospect, humanly speaking, of being released. In fact, his time is almost up. The church is in earnest prayer for him; they engage in an intense struggle with him and for him. What will be the outcome? Can the Lord protect and deliver his people? Is the church right to trust in him, especially in the light of James' death?
The outcome proves to us, as Peter himself later says in 2 Peter 2:9 that "the Lord knows how to rescue godly men from trials". And how! The scene is one of amazing intervention by the Lord, so amazing that even Peter can't quite believe what's happening, thinking he must be dreaming.
But he isn't. The Lord's rescue is real and impressive. Peter is being guarded round the clock by crack Roman troops; Herod is not playing about here, his intent is deadly. But the Lord sends his angel to wake Peter up, telling him to get dressed, leading him past the guards and out into the street, a free man. The scene would almost be comical were it not for the deadly reminder of Herod's evil in the execution of the guards.
So the great contest is a no contest. The Lord wins, hands down. There is no power like his. When his people are in trouble, it's no trouble for him to rescue them.
Except that he doesn't always do so. Peter keeps his head but James lost his. How come? What's going on here - is Peter a favourite with the Lord while James isn't? Was he taken by surprise by Herod's attack on James but was ready when they came for Peter?
Of course, none of those are the case. His power is unlimited, his love is unquenched, his wisdom unassailable. He is more than able to rescue his people whenever and however he chooses to do so.
So why doesn't he? Here is a mystery before which we must bow as we adore the Lord who is Sovereign. His thoughts are far higher than ours, his determination to prosper his gospel and to bless the nations is quite clear and as intense as ever. But how and when he will do so is in his hands alone.
We have no answer to why he allows evil to prosper at times and at others acts to stop it in its tracks. The power of evil is a reality that we do well to remember but the Lord is always able to deal with it; his power is more than a match for it.
Which is doubly confirmed in the final scene of the chapter when Herod is struck down and dies. Here is a man who has gladly persecuted the church to advance his own political ambitions and who here is happy to be likened to a god as he speaks to the people.
The Lord struck him down because he refused to give glory to God. A life that is lived for self and in blatant idolatry will end in tragedy. The warning is both stark and clear.
3. The Place of Prayer
So this passage has much to teach us about the Lord's power and his ability to rescue. It also has a lot to teach us about humility before him and an acceptance of his will. But along with those lessons, much is also taught about prayer in the life of the church and in the outworking of God's purposes.
The way that the contest is set-up in verse 5 highlights the fact that the church is praying to God. One of the questions posed (and answered) here is whether the Lord will hear his people's prayers and respond to them. Yes, he does.
The outcome is a great encouragement to the church in all ages to look to God for his help, to "approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in time of need" (Heb. 4:16).
We have many needs and there are numerous challenges that face the church today. We may not be imprisoned but we are under threat. Where else can we go but to the Lord? But do we go to him? Is it a case of having not because we ask not?
Luke clearly aligns the prayer of the church with the Lord's deliverance of Peter. So is that a guarantee that the Lord will do for us just what we want, when we want it? The example of this church at prayer helps us with that question.
It's often suggested that the church was praying but without much faith that Peter would be released, because when he is, the church can't believe it (vv.12-16). But that need not be the case. If it was, we would expect to see the point made much more clearly in the text itself.
It is far more likely that the church is praying for Peter to be kept strong and true to his Lord as he undergoes such a severe trial. No doubt they have asked the Lord to free him if it pleases him but they have no reason to suppose from the way the Lord allowed James to be killed that he will spare Peter.
Look back at their prayer in 4:23ff - they don't ask to be kept from persecution but pray for boldness to go on preaching the gospel and for the Lord to vindicate his name and judge their enemies. This is just what he does in this situation now.
They aren't surprised to see Peter because their faith is small; what they are is surprised by joy, having submitted to God's will and trusted him for the outcome, whatever that might be.
There is a great battle that is ongoing today, a spiritual battle that is costly and dangerous. What is our hope in it? That the Lord knows how to rescue godly men from trials and will act for his glory's sake and the blessing of the gospel. We need to grasp that and run with it in prayer.
Wednesday, July 19, 2006
Acts 11:19-30
1. The Gospel Spreads (vv.19-21)
The incident with Cornelius is a major one within the book of Acts as Cornelius is presented as a prime example of the gospel being received by Gentiles. But in many ways the incident is at least as significant for what it meant for Peter as he grappled with the issue of Gentiles and their acceptance by the Lord. In that context, the incident will be used to help resolve a huge problem for the early church in chapter 15.
In terms of reaching out to Gentiles, this current passage is at least as significant as the Cornelius incident. It may well have begun before Peter's encounter with Cornelius (see v.19) and, in terms of numbers and the future significance of the church at Antioch, it is extremely important.
Which makes it very interesting that this expansion to the Gentiles is not an organised mission but takes place naturally as the church scatters following the death of Stephen. In Acts, missionaries are sent out by churches and work to a clear plan but that needs to be set alongside what we see here of these early believers sharing the gospel as they went.
The calling and responsibility to reach out to others is not the preserve of pastors, evangelists and missionaries; it is a whole church calling and we each have a responsibility to take it to heart. These early believers shared the gospel naturally, as they travelled, as they set up home, as they worked. And this was the norm, not the exception.
All of which is a great challenge to us. Yes, we need to plan as a church how to reach others; yes, we need to support others in mission both at home and abroad. But our work doesn't stop there. The whole way we live should invite questions about our faith and it should be our aim and delight to share the gospel with others in ways that are natural.
Notice, too, that their witness was natural in what they shared with others. These believers mixed with non-Jews, many of whom had perhaps no knowledge of the Jewish faith. Their approach was not to convince them that Jesus was the Messiah, as had been the case with Jews. Rather, they told them "the good news about the Lord Jesus" (v.20). They started where their hearers were, which is always a good thing to do.
But Luke makes it plain that their witness was a success because of one decisive factor: "the Lord's hand was with them" (v.21). That is the reason why "a great number of people believed and turned to the Lord" (v.21). We are responsible for sharing the gospel in the most appropriate way but people will only be saved and churches established as the Lord is pleased to work in their hearts. It's the same today.
2. The Church Supports (vv.22-24)
As the gospel spreads among the Gentiles, one of the big questions is, How will the church in Jerusalem react? When Philip preached in Samaria, they sent Peter and John to authenticate the work. Given that these are Gentiles, will they be react with suspicion and try to suppress what is going on?
What they do is send Barnabas to them. Maybe he went, in part, to authenticate the work but notice this time they only send one man not two; he isn't an apostle, he is a native of Cyprus, as were many of these believers, and he was a man of exceptional spirit, warm and encouraging.
This doesn't smack of control but of contribution, not suspicion but of support to this young church. The church at Jerusalem was the original one and the apostles were the authentic witnesses to the Lord Jesus. But that doesn't mean they must control everything that happens. It is the Lord Jesus who directs the mission; they are his co-workers.
Perhaps the greatest thing the church at Jerusalem ever did for their brothers and sisters at Antioch was send Barnabus to them. He is an outstanding example of a what a Christian is and of what a church-worker should be. He isn't jealous of their work nor does he want to take it over; he rejoiced in the work and encouraged them to keep going and remain true to the Lord. His concern was not to make them Jews through circumcision but to strengthen their Christian life and witness.
Luke's description of him is very telling: "He was a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and faith" (v.24). It is for that reason that he was active in both exhortation and evangelism and made a success of both. Only the Lord can save and strengthen his people but his delight is to use people like Barnabus in that work. We have much to learn from a man like him.
3. Laying Foundations (vv.25,26)
One of the attractive features of Barnabus is his recognition that he doesn't have all the gifts necessary to help this church; he needs help in the task, so he goes on a long 200-mile round trip to bring Saul to help him in the work.
We're going to look at the work they did together but we must notice the significance of what Barnabus did in fetching Saul. He recognised the Lord's call to Saul and the gifts he'd been given. What an encouragement to Saul that must have been!
And this action was also going to be, in God's providence, of immense strategic significance for the whole progress of the gospel. It is from Antioch that Barnabus and Saul will be sent out by the church into further mission. Who knows how God may use us and our seemingly small actions?
So what work did they do at Antioch? "For a whole year [they] met with the church and taught great numbers of people" (v.26). People had been saved and a church established in this vast city (the third city of its times). But they needed to be taught.
As Gentiles with no OT background, they needed to learn of how the Lord's plan to bring salvation into the world had been enacted through the Jewish nation and the coming of Jesus as the promised Messiah. This was a task that Saul was well suited for and perhaps explains why Barnabus chose him.
Mission is not just about gaining converts. In the Great Commission, the Lord Jesus spoke of making disciples and teaching them to obey God's commands (Mt. 28:19,20). That task remains today and in some places the need is acute.
4. Fellowship From Afar (vv.27-30)
But being taught truth is one thing; all truth needs to be lived out. And at Antioch it was. Notice 2 things here:
i) Known as Christians - Antioch was famous for nicknames and the early church wasn't spared the wit. Believers were called Christians, probably a derogatory name but one that helpfully distinguished believers from the city's Jews. What it clearly shows is that these early believers were known as people who followed the Messiah. They had taken on board what they had been taught and lived it out.
ii) Genuine Fellowship - A famine was predicted and it is certain that the believers in Jerusalem would suffer greatly. So the church at Antioch rises to the occasion to try to help their brothers and sisters, and they do so without coercion or a sense of competition but "each according to their ability" (v.29).
In Rom. 15:25ff, Paul shows how Gentiles who have benefited from the spiritual blessings of the Jews should share their material blessings with them. Here is a church doing exactly that.
What a testimony they are to the grace of God! And in that they both challenge and encourage us to live real Christian lives, to the glory of God. Will we rise to the occasion too?
The incident with Cornelius is a major one within the book of Acts as Cornelius is presented as a prime example of the gospel being received by Gentiles. But in many ways the incident is at least as significant for what it meant for Peter as he grappled with the issue of Gentiles and their acceptance by the Lord. In that context, the incident will be used to help resolve a huge problem for the early church in chapter 15.
In terms of reaching out to Gentiles, this current passage is at least as significant as the Cornelius incident. It may well have begun before Peter's encounter with Cornelius (see v.19) and, in terms of numbers and the future significance of the church at Antioch, it is extremely important.
Which makes it very interesting that this expansion to the Gentiles is not an organised mission but takes place naturally as the church scatters following the death of Stephen. In Acts, missionaries are sent out by churches and work to a clear plan but that needs to be set alongside what we see here of these early believers sharing the gospel as they went.
The calling and responsibility to reach out to others is not the preserve of pastors, evangelists and missionaries; it is a whole church calling and we each have a responsibility to take it to heart. These early believers shared the gospel naturally, as they travelled, as they set up home, as they worked. And this was the norm, not the exception.
All of which is a great challenge to us. Yes, we need to plan as a church how to reach others; yes, we need to support others in mission both at home and abroad. But our work doesn't stop there. The whole way we live should invite questions about our faith and it should be our aim and delight to share the gospel with others in ways that are natural.
Notice, too, that their witness was natural in what they shared with others. These believers mixed with non-Jews, many of whom had perhaps no knowledge of the Jewish faith. Their approach was not to convince them that Jesus was the Messiah, as had been the case with Jews. Rather, they told them "the good news about the Lord Jesus" (v.20). They started where their hearers were, which is always a good thing to do.
But Luke makes it plain that their witness was a success because of one decisive factor: "the Lord's hand was with them" (v.21). That is the reason why "a great number of people believed and turned to the Lord" (v.21). We are responsible for sharing the gospel in the most appropriate way but people will only be saved and churches established as the Lord is pleased to work in their hearts. It's the same today.
2. The Church Supports (vv.22-24)
As the gospel spreads among the Gentiles, one of the big questions is, How will the church in Jerusalem react? When Philip preached in Samaria, they sent Peter and John to authenticate the work. Given that these are Gentiles, will they be react with suspicion and try to suppress what is going on?
What they do is send Barnabas to them. Maybe he went, in part, to authenticate the work but notice this time they only send one man not two; he isn't an apostle, he is a native of Cyprus, as were many of these believers, and he was a man of exceptional spirit, warm and encouraging.
This doesn't smack of control but of contribution, not suspicion but of support to this young church. The church at Jerusalem was the original one and the apostles were the authentic witnesses to the Lord Jesus. But that doesn't mean they must control everything that happens. It is the Lord Jesus who directs the mission; they are his co-workers.
Perhaps the greatest thing the church at Jerusalem ever did for their brothers and sisters at Antioch was send Barnabus to them. He is an outstanding example of a what a Christian is and of what a church-worker should be. He isn't jealous of their work nor does he want to take it over; he rejoiced in the work and encouraged them to keep going and remain true to the Lord. His concern was not to make them Jews through circumcision but to strengthen their Christian life and witness.
Luke's description of him is very telling: "He was a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and faith" (v.24). It is for that reason that he was active in both exhortation and evangelism and made a success of both. Only the Lord can save and strengthen his people but his delight is to use people like Barnabus in that work. We have much to learn from a man like him.
3. Laying Foundations (vv.25,26)
One of the attractive features of Barnabus is his recognition that he doesn't have all the gifts necessary to help this church; he needs help in the task, so he goes on a long 200-mile round trip to bring Saul to help him in the work.
We're going to look at the work they did together but we must notice the significance of what Barnabus did in fetching Saul. He recognised the Lord's call to Saul and the gifts he'd been given. What an encouragement to Saul that must have been!
And this action was also going to be, in God's providence, of immense strategic significance for the whole progress of the gospel. It is from Antioch that Barnabus and Saul will be sent out by the church into further mission. Who knows how God may use us and our seemingly small actions?
So what work did they do at Antioch? "For a whole year [they] met with the church and taught great numbers of people" (v.26). People had been saved and a church established in this vast city (the third city of its times). But they needed to be taught.
As Gentiles with no OT background, they needed to learn of how the Lord's plan to bring salvation into the world had been enacted through the Jewish nation and the coming of Jesus as the promised Messiah. This was a task that Saul was well suited for and perhaps explains why Barnabus chose him.
Mission is not just about gaining converts. In the Great Commission, the Lord Jesus spoke of making disciples and teaching them to obey God's commands (Mt. 28:19,20). That task remains today and in some places the need is acute.
4. Fellowship From Afar (vv.27-30)
But being taught truth is one thing; all truth needs to be lived out. And at Antioch it was. Notice 2 things here:
i) Known as Christians - Antioch was famous for nicknames and the early church wasn't spared the wit. Believers were called Christians, probably a derogatory name but one that helpfully distinguished believers from the city's Jews. What it clearly shows is that these early believers were known as people who followed the Messiah. They had taken on board what they had been taught and lived it out.
ii) Genuine Fellowship - A famine was predicted and it is certain that the believers in Jerusalem would suffer greatly. So the church at Antioch rises to the occasion to try to help their brothers and sisters, and they do so without coercion or a sense of competition but "each according to their ability" (v.29).
In Rom. 15:25ff, Paul shows how Gentiles who have benefited from the spiritual blessings of the Jews should share their material blessings with them. Here is a church doing exactly that.
What a testimony they are to the grace of God! And in that they both challenge and encourage us to live real Christian lives, to the glory of God. Will we rise to the occasion too?
Acts 10:1 - 11:18
Alongside the conversion of Saul, the story of Cornelius is one of the most significant in Acts for the progress of the gospel and the life of the church. We're going to look at this story through its two main character, Cornelius and Peter.
1. Cornelius
The description Luke gives of Cornelius is very striking. A Roman centurion yet a man who was well-disposed towards the Jewish faith. He and all his family were devout and feared God. Cornelius gave generously to those in need and prayed to God regularly. His life was not lived carelessly or callously. Cornelius cared for others and called in all sincerity to the one true God.
The picture Luke paints raises a significant question. What was his status before God? Was he already saved but needing to know of Jesus (i.e. much like an OT believer)? Although the portrait of him is one of genuine piety, the account Luke gives makes it abundantly clear that he needed to be saved:
10:43,44 - As Peter explains about faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit is given to his hearers, strongly suggesting that it is at this point they came to believe in Jesus;
11:14 - "He will bring you a message through which you and all your household will be saved".
11:18 The church summarises their understanding of the event like this: "God has granted even the Gentiles repentance unto life".
So he was sincere in his seeking but not yet saved. From what we have seen, a number of important points need to be made:
i) We must not despise sincere seekers of God. Sometimes it's said that the first prayer God hears from a person is their prayer to be saved. Clearly that was not so with Cornelius.
Or it may be said that a non-Christian cannot please God; again, the example of Cornelius challenges such a blanket statement. We're told that his prayers and gifts had "come up as a memorial offering before God" (10:4). That term is drawn from the OT and signifies God is pleased with the offering.
David Smith, an experienced missionary and lecturer, once wrote of this story that "It is an astonishing picture and one that demands careful and honest reflection. Here is an unconverted outsider who is devout, prayerful, generous and hungry for truth." He then quotes John Calvin who said "as we boast loudmouthed of Christ, how far removed most of us are from the example of this holy man".
It is a cause for shame when our lives are put in the shade by the example of others; we do need to reflect carefully and honestly on this.
ii) Sincere seekers still need to be saved. But however sincere and earnest Cornelius was in his seeking after God and in his passion to live a good life, as we've seen, he still needed to be saved. Sincere religious devotion, even to the one true God, is not what makes a person right with God. It is faith alone in Christ alone that brings forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit.
While we must ensure we don't despise or pour scorn upon the genuine desires of sincere seekers, we must also make sure we don't compromise on this point.
iii) A great encouragement. Whilst this is a challenging scenario, it is also tremendously encouraging: God is at work in this man's life! The context of his life was not particularly conducive to his being a sincere and genuine seeker of God; he was from a pagan background and, as a centurion, he moved in a ruthless and violent world.
But he had clearly had contact with the Jewish faith and had been attracted to the one true God. So don't despair for people today! The context is very bleak but God is able to stir people's hearts to seek him. And when he does that, he'll make a way for them to hear his gospel.
2. Peter
But are we willing to take the gospel to people? That was the great challenge to Peter in this situation. The town where he was staying had historical echoes of an earlier servant of the Lord who ran from the call to preach the gospel to Gentiles (Jonah sailed from Joppa). Will Peter do the same?
The early indications are not particularly favourable. He has a vision in which the Lord calls him to kill and eat unclean animals. Peter's response, presumably repeated with each vision, is to say "Surely not Lord". Cornelius had responded straight away to what the Lord had said to him; Peter is quite hesitant.
But that isn't the whole story. His initial hesitation and perhaps confusion does not stop him from obeying the Lord's call. And as he encounters Cornelius, the signs are more promising. He won't accept Cornelius bowing to him; for a Jew who shouldn't even be there, this is very promising! As John Stott has said, "Peter refused both to be treated by Cornelius as if he were a god, and to treat Cornelius as if he were a dog."
And as he talks with Cornelius, it is plain that he has reflected on the vision and its meaning and has concluded that the Lord is telling him that he "should not call any man impure or unclean".
Peter has grasped one of the great theological implications of the coming of Jesus. God's plan was and is to save from every nation, that his election of Israel was for the sake of the world, that there is no intrinsic difference between Jew and Gentile. All are acceptable to God through the Lord Jesus.
The issue isn't settled for him once and for all; he does struggle with it later but the great change in his thinking has been accomplished here. He sees what God is doing and rightly asks "Who was I to think that I could oppose God?"
I want pick up and apply a number of lessons from Peter:
i) The gospel is for all people, regardless of race and culture. It is even for people we may find ourselves despising - fanatical Muslims, asylum seekers, drug addicts, homeless beggars, and so on. Are we so very different to some of the more bigoted Jews of Peter's day? Do we say, "Surely not, Lord!"
ii) Obeying God's call may involve us in being criticised by our brothers and sisters. Peter went back to Jerusalem and was hauled over the coals: "You went into the house of uncircumcised men and ate with them".
What is more important to us, doing God's will or keeping in with our brothers and being thought be to orthodox? Peter held out and won over his brothers. May we be given grace to do the same.
iii) Peter's whole world was being turned upside down. At times, the Lord does that to us, wanting to take us on in our thinking and in our appreciation of his amazing grace. But that may mean leaving our comfort zones and thinking in new ways, not in terms of fundamentals but regarding the application of truth.
Our western world is in turmoil, everything is changing and so rapidly. Will we ask God for wisdom and courage to respond to the changes or will we retreat into the safety and comfort of answers and approaches that are comfortable but inadequate? Peter felt the pain but he went with it; as the Lord speaks to us, may we do so too.
1. Cornelius
The description Luke gives of Cornelius is very striking. A Roman centurion yet a man who was well-disposed towards the Jewish faith. He and all his family were devout and feared God. Cornelius gave generously to those in need and prayed to God regularly. His life was not lived carelessly or callously. Cornelius cared for others and called in all sincerity to the one true God.
The picture Luke paints raises a significant question. What was his status before God? Was he already saved but needing to know of Jesus (i.e. much like an OT believer)? Although the portrait of him is one of genuine piety, the account Luke gives makes it abundantly clear that he needed to be saved:
10:43,44 - As Peter explains about faith in Jesus, the Holy Spirit is given to his hearers, strongly suggesting that it is at this point they came to believe in Jesus;
11:14 - "He will bring you a message through which you and all your household will be saved".
11:18 The church summarises their understanding of the event like this: "God has granted even the Gentiles repentance unto life".
So he was sincere in his seeking but not yet saved. From what we have seen, a number of important points need to be made:
i) We must not despise sincere seekers of God. Sometimes it's said that the first prayer God hears from a person is their prayer to be saved. Clearly that was not so with Cornelius.
Or it may be said that a non-Christian cannot please God; again, the example of Cornelius challenges such a blanket statement. We're told that his prayers and gifts had "come up as a memorial offering before God" (10:4). That term is drawn from the OT and signifies God is pleased with the offering.
David Smith, an experienced missionary and lecturer, once wrote of this story that "It is an astonishing picture and one that demands careful and honest reflection. Here is an unconverted outsider who is devout, prayerful, generous and hungry for truth." He then quotes John Calvin who said "as we boast loudmouthed of Christ, how far removed most of us are from the example of this holy man".
It is a cause for shame when our lives are put in the shade by the example of others; we do need to reflect carefully and honestly on this.
ii) Sincere seekers still need to be saved. But however sincere and earnest Cornelius was in his seeking after God and in his passion to live a good life, as we've seen, he still needed to be saved. Sincere religious devotion, even to the one true God, is not what makes a person right with God. It is faith alone in Christ alone that brings forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit.
While we must ensure we don't despise or pour scorn upon the genuine desires of sincere seekers, we must also make sure we don't compromise on this point.
iii) A great encouragement. Whilst this is a challenging scenario, it is also tremendously encouraging: God is at work in this man's life! The context of his life was not particularly conducive to his being a sincere and genuine seeker of God; he was from a pagan background and, as a centurion, he moved in a ruthless and violent world.
But he had clearly had contact with the Jewish faith and had been attracted to the one true God. So don't despair for people today! The context is very bleak but God is able to stir people's hearts to seek him. And when he does that, he'll make a way for them to hear his gospel.
2. Peter
But are we willing to take the gospel to people? That was the great challenge to Peter in this situation. The town where he was staying had historical echoes of an earlier servant of the Lord who ran from the call to preach the gospel to Gentiles (Jonah sailed from Joppa). Will Peter do the same?
The early indications are not particularly favourable. He has a vision in which the Lord calls him to kill and eat unclean animals. Peter's response, presumably repeated with each vision, is to say "Surely not Lord". Cornelius had responded straight away to what the Lord had said to him; Peter is quite hesitant.
But that isn't the whole story. His initial hesitation and perhaps confusion does not stop him from obeying the Lord's call. And as he encounters Cornelius, the signs are more promising. He won't accept Cornelius bowing to him; for a Jew who shouldn't even be there, this is very promising! As John Stott has said, "Peter refused both to be treated by Cornelius as if he were a god, and to treat Cornelius as if he were a dog."
And as he talks with Cornelius, it is plain that he has reflected on the vision and its meaning and has concluded that the Lord is telling him that he "should not call any man impure or unclean".
Peter has grasped one of the great theological implications of the coming of Jesus. God's plan was and is to save from every nation, that his election of Israel was for the sake of the world, that there is no intrinsic difference between Jew and Gentile. All are acceptable to God through the Lord Jesus.
The issue isn't settled for him once and for all; he does struggle with it later but the great change in his thinking has been accomplished here. He sees what God is doing and rightly asks "Who was I to think that I could oppose God?"
I want pick up and apply a number of lessons from Peter:
i) The gospel is for all people, regardless of race and culture. It is even for people we may find ourselves despising - fanatical Muslims, asylum seekers, drug addicts, homeless beggars, and so on. Are we so very different to some of the more bigoted Jews of Peter's day? Do we say, "Surely not, Lord!"
ii) Obeying God's call may involve us in being criticised by our brothers and sisters. Peter went back to Jerusalem and was hauled over the coals: "You went into the house of uncircumcised men and ate with them".
What is more important to us, doing God's will or keeping in with our brothers and being thought be to orthodox? Peter held out and won over his brothers. May we be given grace to do the same.
iii) Peter's whole world was being turned upside down. At times, the Lord does that to us, wanting to take us on in our thinking and in our appreciation of his amazing grace. But that may mean leaving our comfort zones and thinking in new ways, not in terms of fundamentals but regarding the application of truth.
Our western world is in turmoil, everything is changing and so rapidly. Will we ask God for wisdom and courage to respond to the changes or will we retreat into the safety and comfort of answers and approaches that are comfortable but inadequate? Peter felt the pain but he went with it; as the Lord speaks to us, may we do so too.
Acts 9:32-42
The 2 incidents recorded by Luke in 9:32-42 serve in the context of Acts to introduce us to the widening ministry of Peter. The gospel is beginning to spread but not yet in any concerted way to the Gentiles.
What the healing of Aeneas and raising of Tabitha show is that Peter is an authorised and authentic apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ and prepare the ground for the major incident with Cornelius which follows. But this passage also teaches us about what it means to be a disciple of Jesus, about suffering and about God's sovereignty.
1. A Model Disciple
The issue of discipleship is highlighted when Tabitha is identified as a disciple. Aeneas no doubt was a believer too but the fact that Tabitha was a disciple is highlighted for us in particular. There are two things to notice about this:
i) She was a female disciple - Luke uses the feminine form of the word disciple here (its only use in the NT). That is very significant. In both his Gospel and in Acts, Luke shows the prominent role played by women, both in assisting the ministry of Jesus and then in the early church.
This is important because many say the Bible is sexist, both in its language and how it portrays women. But in a society where women were marginalised, it was the Lord Jesus who willingly engaged with them, calling them to follow him, to learn from him and gladly receiving their assistance.
And in the early church, although women were not given leadership roles by the Lord, nevertheless they were valued very highly indeed. And Luke affirms that here in the way he speaks of Tabitha and presents her as a model believer.
ii) She lived out her discipleship - That portrayal of her as something of a model disciple comes out in the description of her life: she "was always doing good and helping the poor".
Discipleship has been described in various ways. One writer expresses it is this way: a disciple of Jesus Christ is "one who believes his doctrines, rests upon his sacrifice, imbibes his Spirit and imitates his example". That's a very helpful summary but Luke is not trying to define discipleship here, he's showing us what it looks like in action. And with Tabitha that meant being full of good works.
She was a lady of means who used her riches for the glory of God and the good of others. Her home was in all probability used by the church in Joppa for its meetings (she had a large upper room) and she was a consistent helper of the local widows, probably both Christian and non-Christian.
And she didn't just help from a distance; her very self was bound up with the help she gave. It is no wonder that, when she died, those she had helped were deeply upset. She was a model believer, held in high regard both in the church and in the local community.
In her example there is much for us to learn. We may not be rich as she was but the Lord blesses in various ways; are we using his gifts for his glory and the good of others? Are we clearly known as disciples of Jesus, not in a formal sense but in reality, because of the lives we live?
Acts has many great heroes of the faith: Peter and Paul, Stephen and Philip, and others. We can admire their gifts and rejoice in the way the Lord used them. But it would be quite wrong to conclude that if we lack those gifts, we have little or no part to play in his work.
Tabitha is a great example of an 'ordinary' believer living an extraordinary life, by God's grace, to God's glory. We too have many opportunities to do the same. In our society, personal, practical help is desperately needed. People are lonely, families are breaking down, many are struggling with life.
The openings are many, the harvest is plentiful - but it has to be said that still the labourers are few. Are we asking the Lord to send out workers into his harvest? We need to ask him to show us where we could make a difference, how our gifts and abilities might be used, both in the church and in the community.
2. Disciples and Death
Tabitha is a great encouragement to us through her life. But she died, so it's end of story. And yet it isn't. Her death and its outcome help us too:
i) The Lord's work does not depend on one person. His work is much bigger than us and our gifts and what we are able to do for him. The church belongs to him, the progress of the gospel is his passion and purpose ever before it becomes ours.
ii) Being a disciple, and a model one at that, does not exempt a person from what Paul calls "the sufferings of this present age" (Rom. 8:18). Tabitha fell ill and died. The Lord's best, most winsome and fruitful servants are not immune to suffering in its various forms.
iii) But, as we see here, the Lord may choose to restore, which raises the very obvious question, Why some but not others?
In this situation, Peter's decision to intervene seems to be based on the deep grief of the people and on the strategic ministry of Tabitha. Paul reasons in the same way in Phil. 1:23ff where he is sure he will be set free for the sake of the Philippian church.
But it doesn't always work that way. In fact, Paul probably wasn't released from jail. The Lord's hands are not tied by our perception of what will be best. He is free to act as he will. Taking the cases of Aeneas and Tabitha together, it is clear that the Lord's hand is not ultimately swayed by Tabitha's deeds. Aeneas is contrasted to Tabitha - he was a believer yet not much is said of him, nothing great to report. Tabitha is so different. And yet both of them are healed by the Lord!
So if it isn't human need or virtue that occasions the Lord's intervention, what is it? Look at what happens in both cases: God is glorified as people believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. Both miracles are demonstrations of the larger salvation that is available only in Jesus. When Peter speaks to Aeneas and then Tabitha, he uses both times the word that is used to describe the resurrection of Jesus (vv.34,40). The Lord acts to vindicate his name, to proclaim the salvation won by Jesus.
But he doesn't only glorify himself through such miracles. They are quite rare in scripture, even in the days of Acts. More often, he chooses to glorify his name through our weakness, as Paul discovered and was able to rejoice in (2 Cor. 12:7ff).
God knows all; he is sovereign and will act to glorify the name of his Son. And that is where, ultimately, our own greatest happiness and good lie. May he help us to be true disciples, to his praise and honour, living in and through his all-sufficient grace. Amen.
What the healing of Aeneas and raising of Tabitha show is that Peter is an authorised and authentic apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ and prepare the ground for the major incident with Cornelius which follows. But this passage also teaches us about what it means to be a disciple of Jesus, about suffering and about God's sovereignty.
1. A Model Disciple
The issue of discipleship is highlighted when Tabitha is identified as a disciple. Aeneas no doubt was a believer too but the fact that Tabitha was a disciple is highlighted for us in particular. There are two things to notice about this:
i) She was a female disciple - Luke uses the feminine form of the word disciple here (its only use in the NT). That is very significant. In both his Gospel and in Acts, Luke shows the prominent role played by women, both in assisting the ministry of Jesus and then in the early church.
This is important because many say the Bible is sexist, both in its language and how it portrays women. But in a society where women were marginalised, it was the Lord Jesus who willingly engaged with them, calling them to follow him, to learn from him and gladly receiving their assistance.
And in the early church, although women were not given leadership roles by the Lord, nevertheless they were valued very highly indeed. And Luke affirms that here in the way he speaks of Tabitha and presents her as a model believer.
ii) She lived out her discipleship - That portrayal of her as something of a model disciple comes out in the description of her life: she "was always doing good and helping the poor".
Discipleship has been described in various ways. One writer expresses it is this way: a disciple of Jesus Christ is "one who believes his doctrines, rests upon his sacrifice, imbibes his Spirit and imitates his example". That's a very helpful summary but Luke is not trying to define discipleship here, he's showing us what it looks like in action. And with Tabitha that meant being full of good works.
She was a lady of means who used her riches for the glory of God and the good of others. Her home was in all probability used by the church in Joppa for its meetings (she had a large upper room) and she was a consistent helper of the local widows, probably both Christian and non-Christian.
And she didn't just help from a distance; her very self was bound up with the help she gave. It is no wonder that, when she died, those she had helped were deeply upset. She was a model believer, held in high regard both in the church and in the local community.
In her example there is much for us to learn. We may not be rich as she was but the Lord blesses in various ways; are we using his gifts for his glory and the good of others? Are we clearly known as disciples of Jesus, not in a formal sense but in reality, because of the lives we live?
Acts has many great heroes of the faith: Peter and Paul, Stephen and Philip, and others. We can admire their gifts and rejoice in the way the Lord used them. But it would be quite wrong to conclude that if we lack those gifts, we have little or no part to play in his work.
Tabitha is a great example of an 'ordinary' believer living an extraordinary life, by God's grace, to God's glory. We too have many opportunities to do the same. In our society, personal, practical help is desperately needed. People are lonely, families are breaking down, many are struggling with life.
The openings are many, the harvest is plentiful - but it has to be said that still the labourers are few. Are we asking the Lord to send out workers into his harvest? We need to ask him to show us where we could make a difference, how our gifts and abilities might be used, both in the church and in the community.
2. Disciples and Death
Tabitha is a great encouragement to us through her life. But she died, so it's end of story. And yet it isn't. Her death and its outcome help us too:
i) The Lord's work does not depend on one person. His work is much bigger than us and our gifts and what we are able to do for him. The church belongs to him, the progress of the gospel is his passion and purpose ever before it becomes ours.
ii) Being a disciple, and a model one at that, does not exempt a person from what Paul calls "the sufferings of this present age" (Rom. 8:18). Tabitha fell ill and died. The Lord's best, most winsome and fruitful servants are not immune to suffering in its various forms.
iii) But, as we see here, the Lord may choose to restore, which raises the very obvious question, Why some but not others?
In this situation, Peter's decision to intervene seems to be based on the deep grief of the people and on the strategic ministry of Tabitha. Paul reasons in the same way in Phil. 1:23ff where he is sure he will be set free for the sake of the Philippian church.
But it doesn't always work that way. In fact, Paul probably wasn't released from jail. The Lord's hands are not tied by our perception of what will be best. He is free to act as he will. Taking the cases of Aeneas and Tabitha together, it is clear that the Lord's hand is not ultimately swayed by Tabitha's deeds. Aeneas is contrasted to Tabitha - he was a believer yet not much is said of him, nothing great to report. Tabitha is so different. And yet both of them are healed by the Lord!
So if it isn't human need or virtue that occasions the Lord's intervention, what is it? Look at what happens in both cases: God is glorified as people believe in the Lord Jesus Christ. Both miracles are demonstrations of the larger salvation that is available only in Jesus. When Peter speaks to Aeneas and then Tabitha, he uses both times the word that is used to describe the resurrection of Jesus (vv.34,40). The Lord acts to vindicate his name, to proclaim the salvation won by Jesus.
But he doesn't only glorify himself through such miracles. They are quite rare in scripture, even in the days of Acts. More often, he chooses to glorify his name through our weakness, as Paul discovered and was able to rejoice in (2 Cor. 12:7ff).
God knows all; he is sovereign and will act to glorify the name of his Son. And that is where, ultimately, our own greatest happiness and good lie. May he help us to be true disciples, to his praise and honour, living in and through his all-sufficient grace. Amen.
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